diff --git a/52_Kinema/python/kinema.py b/52_Kinema/python/kinema.py
index c7a335ed..2a4831a7 100644
--- a/52_Kinema/python/kinema.py
+++ b/52_Kinema/python/kinema.py
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ def do_quiz() -> None:
         print("  NOT BAD.")
 
 
-def ask_player(question, answer):
+def ask_player(question: str, answer) -> int:
     print(question)
     player_answer = float(input())
 
diff --git a/60_Mastermind/python/mastermind.py b/60_Mastermind/python/mastermind.py
index 79e46d14..acf7cf6b 100644
--- a/60_Mastermind/python/mastermind.py
+++ b/60_Mastermind/python/mastermind.py
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ def main() -> None:
 
 
 # 470
-def get_invalid_letters(user_command):
+def get_invalid_letters(user_command) -> str:
     """Makes sure player input consists of valid colors for selected game configuration."""
     valid_colors = color_letters[:num_colors]
     invalid_letters = ""
diff --git a/65_Nim/python/Traditional_NIM.py b/65_Nim/python/Traditional_NIM.py
index 8d48e15f..bd1470c5 100644
--- a/65_Nim/python/Traditional_NIM.py
+++ b/65_Nim/python/Traditional_NIM.py
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class NIM:
 
         return pile, num
 
-    def _command_integrity(self, num, pile):
+    def _command_integrity(self, num, pile) -> bool:
         return pile <= 4 and pile >= 1 and num <= self.piles[pile]
 
     def print_pegs(self) -> None:
diff --git a/69_Pizza/python/pizza.py b/69_Pizza/python/pizza.py
index bb8ed3ed..e4e36bea 100644
--- a/69_Pizza/python/pizza.py
+++ b/69_Pizza/python/pizza.py
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ def print_instructions() -> str:
     return player_name
 
 
-def yes_no_prompt(msg):
+def yes_no_prompt(msg: str) -> bool:
     while True:
         print(msg)
         response = input().upper()
@@ -113,11 +113,11 @@ def print_more_directions(player_name: str) -> None:
     print()
 
 
-def calculate_customer_index(x, y):
+def calculate_customer_index(x: int, y: int) -> int:
     return 4 * (y - 1) + x - 1
 
 
-def deliver_to(customer_index, customer_name, player_name):
+def deliver_to(customer_index, customer_name, player_name) -> bool:
     print(f"  DRIVER TO {player_name}:  WHERE DOES {customer_name} LIVE?")
 
     coords = input()
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ def deliver_to(customer_index, customer_name, player_name):
         return False
 
 
-def play_game(num_turns, player_name):
+def play_game(num_turns, player_name) -> None:
     for _turn in range(num_turns):
         x = random.randint(1, 4)
         y = random.randint(1, 4)
diff --git a/70_Poetry/python/poetry.py b/70_Poetry/python/poetry.py
index 2c6bf2f4..30212630 100644
--- a/70_Poetry/python/poetry.py
+++ b/70_Poetry/python/poetry.py
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ def maybe_comma(state: State) -> None:
         state.u = 0
 
 
-def pick_phrase(state: State):
+def pick_phrase(state: State) -> None:
     state.i = random.randint(0, 4)
     state.j += 1
     state.k += 1
diff --git a/73_Reverse/python/reverse.py b/73_Reverse/python/reverse.py
index 7412675b..f75ece2f 100755
--- a/73_Reverse/python/reverse.py
+++ b/73_Reverse/python/reverse.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import textwrap
 NUMCNT = 9  # How many numbers are we playing with?
 
 
-def main():
+def main() -> None:
     print("REVERSE".center(72))
     print("CREATIVE COMPUTING  MORRISTOWN, NEW JERSEY".center(72))
     print()
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ def main():
     print()
 
     if not input("DO YOU WANT THE RULES? (yes/no) ").lower().startswith("n"):
-        rules()
+        print_rules()
 
     while True:
         game_loop()
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ def main():
             return
 
 
-def game_loop():
+def game_loop() -> None:
     """Play the main game."""
     # Make a random list from 1 to NUMCNT
     numbers = list(range(1, NUMCNT + 1))
@@ -67,12 +67,10 @@ def game_loop():
 
 
 def print_list(numbers) -> None:
-    """Print out the list"""
     print(" ".join(map(str, numbers)))
 
 
-def rules():
-    """Print out the rules"""
+def print_rules() -> None:
     help = textwrap.dedent(
         """
         THIS IS THE GAME OF "REVERSE".  TO WIN, ALL YOU HAVE
diff --git a/74_Rock_Scissors_Paper/python/rockscissors.py b/74_Rock_Scissors_Paper/python/rockscissors.py
index 09d63d2d..898f709c 100644
--- a/74_Rock_Scissors_Paper/python/rockscissors.py
+++ b/74_Rock_Scissors_Paper/python/rockscissors.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 import random
 
 
-def play_game():
+def play_game() -> None:
     """Play one round of the game"""
 
     while True:
diff --git a/75_Roulette/python/roulette.py b/75_Roulette/python/roulette.py
index adbf5333..2437e79d 100644
--- a/75_Roulette/python/roulette.py
+++ b/75_Roulette/python/roulette.py
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ def query_bets() -> Tuple[List[int], List[int]]:
     return bet_ids, bet_values
 
 
-def bet_results(bet_ids: List[int], bet_values: List[int], result):
+def bet_results(bet_ids: List[int], bet_values: List[int], result) -> int:
     """Computes the results, prints them, and returns the total net winnings"""
     total_winnings = 0
 
diff --git a/79_Slalom/python/slalom.py b/79_Slalom/python/slalom.py
index 1db5d5d8..a6833331 100644
--- a/79_Slalom/python/slalom.py
+++ b/79_Slalom/python/slalom.py
@@ -7,17 +7,17 @@ medals = {
 }
 
 
-def ask(question):
+def ask(question: str) -> str:
     print(question, end="? ")
     return input().upper()
 
 
-def ask_int(question):
+def ask_int(question: str) -> int:
     reply = ask(question)
     return int(reply) if reply.isnumeric() else -1
 
 
-def pre_run(gates, max_speeds):
+def pre_run(gates, max_speeds) -> None:
     print('\nType "INS" for instructions')
     print('Type "MAX" for approximate maximum speeds')
     print('Type "RUN" for the beginning of the race')
@@ -50,10 +50,10 @@ def pre_run(gates, max_speeds):
             cmd = ask(f'"{cmd}" is an illegal command--Retry')
 
 
-def run(gates, lvl, max_speeds):
+def run(gates, lvl, max_speeds) -> None:
     global medals
     print("The starter counts down...5...4...3...2...1...Go!")
-    time = 0
+    time: float = 0
     speed = int(random() * (18 - 9) + 9)
     print("You're off")
     for i in range(0, gates):
diff --git a/80_Slots/python/slots.py b/80_Slots/python/slots.py
index e54f3b4e..22c2b3a3 100644
--- a/80_Slots/python/slots.py
+++ b/80_Slots/python/slots.py
@@ -34,9 +34,10 @@
 import sys
 from collections import Counter
 from random import choices
+from typing import List
 
 
-def initial_message():
+def initial_message() -> None:
     print(" " * 30 + "Slots")
     print(" " * 15 + "Creative Computing Morrison, New Jersey")
     print("\n" * 3)
@@ -45,7 +46,7 @@ def initial_message():
     print("To pull the arm, punch the return key after making your bet.")
 
 
-def input_betting():
+def input_betting() -> int:
     print("\n")
     b = -1
     while b < 1 or b > 100:
@@ -61,7 +62,7 @@ def input_betting():
     return int(b)
 
 
-def beeping():
+def beeping() -> None:
     # Function to produce a beep sound.
     # In the original program is the subroutine at line 1270
     for _ in range(5):
@@ -69,7 +70,7 @@ def beeping():
         sys.stdout.flush()
 
 
-def spin_wheels():
+def spin_wheels() -> List[str]:
     possible_fruits = ["Bar", "Bell", "Orange", "Lemon", "Plum", "Cherry"]
     wheel = choices(possible_fruits, k=3)
 
@@ -79,7 +80,7 @@ def spin_wheels():
     return wheel
 
 
-def adjust_profits(wheel, m, profits):
+def adjust_profits(wheel: List[str], m: int, profits: int) -> int:
     # we remove the duplicates
     s = set(wheel)
 
@@ -117,7 +118,7 @@ def adjust_profits(wheel, m, profits):
     return profits
 
 
-def final_message(profits) -> None:
+def final_message(profits: int) -> None:
     if profits < 0:
         print("Pay up!  Please leave your money on the terminal")
     elif profits == 0:
@@ -140,7 +141,7 @@ def main() -> None:
         answer = input("Again?")
 
         try:
-            if not answer[0].lower() == "y":
+            if answer[0].lower() != "y":
                 keep_betting = False
         except IndexError:
             keep_betting = False
diff --git a/81_Splat/python/splat.py b/81_Splat/python/splat.py
index 665494b3..30ec74b5 100644
--- a/81_Splat/python/splat.py
+++ b/81_Splat/python/splat.py
@@ -24,22 +24,22 @@ Ported in 2021 by Jonas Nockert / @lemonad
 """
 from math import sqrt
 from random import choice, random, uniform
-from typing import List
+from typing import List, Tuple
 
 PAGE_WIDTH = 72
 
 
-def numeric_input(question, default=0):
+def numeric_input(question, default=0) -> float:
     """Ask user for a numeric value."""
     while True:
-        answer = input(f"{question} [{default}]: ").strip() or default
+        answer_str = input(f"{question} [{default}]: ").strip() or default
         try:
-            return float(answer)
+            return float(answer_str)
         except ValueError:
             pass
 
 
-def yes_no_input(question, default="YES"):
+def yes_no_input(question: str, default="YES") -> bool:
     """Ask user a yes/no question and returns True if yes, otherwise False."""
     answer = input(f"{question} (YES OR NO) [{default}]: ").strip() or default
     while answer.lower() not in ["n", "no", "y", "yes"]:
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ def yes_no_input(question, default="YES"):
     return answer.lower() in ["y", "yes"]
 
 
-def get_terminal_velocity():
+def get_terminal_velocity() -> float:
     """Terminal velocity by user or picked by computer."""
     if yes_no_input("SELECT YOUR OWN TERMINAL VELOCITY", default="NO"):
         v1 = numeric_input("WHAT TERMINAL VELOCITY (MI/HR)", default=100)
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ def get_terminal_velocity():
     return v1 * (5280 / 3600)
 
 
-def get_acceleration():
+def get_acceleration() -> float:
     """Acceleration due to gravity by user or picked by computer."""
     if yes_no_input("WANT TO SELECT ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY", default="NO"):
         a2 = numeric_input("WHAT ACCELERATION (FT/SEC/SEC)", default=32.16)
@@ -70,14 +70,14 @@ def get_acceleration():
     return a2
 
 
-def get_freefall_time():
+def get_freefall_time() -> float:
     """User-guessed freefall time.
 
     The idea of the game is to pick a freefall time, given initial
     altitude, terminal velocity and acceleration, so the parachute
     as close to the ground as possible without going splat.
     """
-    t_freefall = 0
+    t_freefall: float = 0
     # A zero or negative freefall time is not handled by the motion
     # equations during the jump.
     while t_freefall <= 0:
@@ -85,13 +85,13 @@ def get_freefall_time():
     return t_freefall
 
 
-def jump():
+def jump() -> float:
     """Simulate a jump and returns the altitude where the chute opened.
 
     The idea is to open the chute as late as possible -- but not too late.
     """
-    v = 0  # Terminal velocity.
-    a = 0  # Acceleration.
+    v: float = 0  # Terminal velocity.
+    a: float = 0  # Acceleration.
     initial_altitude = int(9001 * random() + 1000)
 
     v1 = get_terminal_velocity()
@@ -181,9 +181,9 @@ def jump():
     return altitude
 
 
-def pick_random_celestial_body():
+def pick_random_celestial_body() -> Tuple[str, float]:
     """Pick a random planet, the moon, or the sun with associated gravity."""
-    body, gravity = choice(
+    return choice(
         [
             ("MERCURY", 12.2),
             ("VENUS", 28.3),
@@ -197,10 +197,9 @@ def pick_random_celestial_body():
             ("THE SUN", 896.0),
         ]
     )
-    return body, gravity
 
 
-def jump_stats(previous_jumps, chute_altitude):
+def jump_stats(previous_jumps, chute_altitude) -> Tuple[int, int]:
     """Compare altitude when chute opened with previous successful jumps.
 
     Return the number of previous jumps and the number of times
diff --git a/82_Stars/python/stars.py b/82_Stars/python/stars.py
index 60fe6214..d2024d6b 100644
--- a/82_Stars/python/stars.py
+++ b/82_Stars/python/stars.py
@@ -47,14 +47,12 @@ def print_stars(secret_number, guess) -> None:
     print(stars)
 
 
-def get_guess():
-    valid_response = False
-    while not valid_response:
-        guess = input("Your guess? ")
-        if guess.isdigit():
-            valid_response = True
-            guess = int(guess)
-    return guess
+def get_guess(prompt: str) -> int:
+    while True:
+        guess_str = input(prompt)
+        if guess_str.isdigit():
+            guess = int(guess_str)
+            return guess
 
 
 def main() -> None:
@@ -81,7 +79,7 @@ def main() -> None:
         while (guess_number < MAX_GUESSES) and not player_has_won:
 
             print()
-            guess = get_guess()
+            guess = get_guess("Your guess? ")
             guess_number += 1
 
             if guess == secret_number:
diff --git a/83_Stock_Market/python/Stock_Market.py b/83_Stock_Market/python/Stock_Market.py
index 508d5f9a..e32572ca 100644
--- a/83_Stock_Market/python/Stock_Market.py
+++ b/83_Stock_Market/python/Stock_Market.py
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 import random
+from typing import Any, Dict, List
 
 
-# Stock_Market
 class Stock_Market:
-    def __init__(self):
-
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
         # Hard Coded Names
         short_names = ["IBM", "RCA", "LBJ", "ABC", "CBS"]
         full_names = [
@@ -16,7 +15,7 @@ class Stock_Market:
         ]
 
         # Initializing Dictionary to hold all the information systematically
-        self.data = {}
+        self.data: Dict[str, Any] = {}
         for sn, fn in zip(short_names, full_names):
             # A dictionary for each stock
             temp = {"Name": fn, "Price": None, "Holdings": 0}
@@ -31,20 +30,17 @@ class Stock_Market:
         self.cash_assets = 10000
         self.stock_assets = 0
 
-    def total_assets(self):
-
+    def total_assets(self) -> float:
         return self.cash_assets + self.stock_assets
 
-    def _generate_day_change(self):
-
+    def _generate_day_change(self) -> None:
         self.changes = []
         for _ in range(len(self.data)):
             self.changes.append(
                 round(random.uniform(-5, 5), 2)
             )  # Random % Change b/w -5 and 5
 
-    def update_prices(self):
-
+    def update_prices(self) -> None:
         self._generate_day_change()
         for stock, change in zip(self.data.values(), self.changes):
             stock["Price"] = round(stock["Price"] + (change / 100) * stock["Price"], 2)
@@ -57,9 +53,8 @@ class Stock_Market:
 
         print(f"\nNEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE AVERAGE: ${sum / 5:.2f}")
 
-    def get_average_change(self):
-
-        sum = 0
+    def get_average_change(self) -> float:
+        sum: float = 0
         for change in self.changes:
             sum += change
 
@@ -77,8 +72,7 @@ class Stock_Market:
         self.print_exchange_average()
         self.print_assets()
 
-    def take_inputs(self):
-
+    def take_inputs(self) -> List[str]:
         print("\nWHAT IS YOUR TRANSACTION IN")
         flag = False
         while not flag:
@@ -92,7 +86,7 @@ class Stock_Market:
             if len(new_holdings) == 5:
                 flag = self._check_transaction(new_holdings)
 
-        return new_holdings
+        return new_holdings  # type: ignore
 
     def print_trading_day(self) -> None:
 
@@ -107,8 +101,7 @@ class Stock_Market:
                 )
             )
 
-    def update_cash_assets(self, new_holdings):
-
+    def update_cash_assets(self, new_holdings) -> None:
         sell = 0
         buy = 0
         for stock, holding in zip(self.data.values(), new_holdings):
@@ -120,8 +113,7 @@ class Stock_Market:
 
         self.cash_assets = self.cash_assets + sell - buy
 
-    def update_stock_assets(self):
-
+    def update_stock_assets(self) -> None:
         sum = 0
         for data in self.data.values():
             sum += data["Price"] * data["Holdings"]
@@ -129,13 +121,11 @@ class Stock_Market:
         self.stock_assets = round(sum, 2)
 
     def print_assets(self) -> None:
-
         print(f"\nTOTAL STOCK ASSETS ARE: ${self.stock_assets:.2f}")
         print(f"TOTAL CASH ASSETS ARE: ${self.cash_assets:.2f}")
         print(f"TOTAL ASSETS ARE: ${self.total_assets():.2f}")
 
-    def _check_transaction(self, new_holdings):
-
+    def _check_transaction(self, new_holdings) -> bool:
         sum = 0
         for stock, holding in zip(self.data.values(), new_holdings):
             if holding > 0:
@@ -156,8 +146,7 @@ class Stock_Market:
 
         return True
 
-    def update_holdings(self, new_holdings):
-
+    def update_holdings(self, new_holdings) -> None:
         for stock, new_holding in zip(self.data.values(), new_holdings):
             stock["Holdings"] += new_holding
 
@@ -186,7 +175,7 @@ HAVE $10,000 TO INVEST.  USE INTEGERS FOR ALL YOUR INPUTS.
     )
 
 
-def main():
+def main() -> None:
     print("\t\t      STOCK MARKET")
     help = input("\nDO YOU WANT INSTRUCTIONS(YES OR NO)? ")
 
diff --git a/85_Synonym/python/synonym.py b/85_Synonym/python/synonym.py
index 6d1636e6..0680bb78 100644
--- a/85_Synonym/python/synonym.py
+++ b/85_Synonym/python/synonym.py
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ def print_right() -> None:
     print(random.choice(right_words))
 
 
-def ask_question(question_number):
+def ask_question(question_number: int) -> None:
     words = synonym_words[question_number]
     clues = words[:]
     base_word = clues.pop(0)
diff --git a/86_Target/python/target.py b/86_Target/python/target.py
index f10f0a56..122c82d1 100644
--- a/86_Target/python/target.py
+++ b/86_Target/python/target.py
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ Ported by Dave LeCompte
 
 import math
 import random
+from typing import List
 
 PAGE_WIDTH = 64
 
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ def print_instructions() -> None:
     print()
 
 
-def prompt():
+def prompt() -> List[float]:
     while True:
         response = input("INPUT ANGLE DEVIATION FROM X, DEVIATION FROM Z, DISTANCE? ")
         if "," not in response:
@@ -54,14 +55,14 @@ def prompt():
         return [float(t) for t in terms]
 
 
-def next_target():
+def next_target() -> None:
     for _ in range(5):
         print()
     print("NEXT TARGET...")
     print()
 
 
-def describe_miss(x, y, z, x1, y1, z1, d):
+def describe_miss(x, y, z, x1, y1, z1, d) -> None:
     x2 = x1 - x
     y2 = y1 - y
     z2 = z1 - z
@@ -88,7 +89,7 @@ def describe_miss(x, y, z, x1, y1, z1, d):
     print()
 
 
-def do_shot_loop(p1, x, y, z):
+def do_shot_loop(p1, x, y, z) -> None:
     shot_count = 0
     while True:
         shot_count += 1
@@ -137,11 +138,11 @@ def do_shot_loop(p1, x, y, z):
             describe_miss(x, y, z, x1, y1, z1, distance)
 
 
-def show_radians(a, b):
+def show_radians(a, b) -> None:
     print(f"RADIANS FROM X AXIS = {a:.4f}   FROM Z AXIS = {b:.4f}")
 
 
-def play_game():
+def play_game() -> None:
     while True:
         a = random.uniform(0, 2 * math.pi)  # random angle
         b = random.uniform(0, 2 * math.pi)  # random angle
diff --git a/88_3-D_Tic-Tac-Toe/python/qubit.py b/88_3-D_Tic-Tac-Toe/python/qubit.py
index 1f994d9d..a23f2a4e 100644
--- a/88_3-D_Tic-Tac-Toe/python/qubit.py
+++ b/88_3-D_Tic-Tac-Toe/python/qubit.py
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 # The code originated from Dartmouth College
 
 from enum import Enum
+from typing import Optional, Tuple, Union
 
 
 class Move(Enum):
@@ -31,8 +32,7 @@ class Player(Enum):
 class TicTacToe3D:
     """The game logic for 3D Tic Tac Toe and the machine opponent"""
 
-    def __init__(self):
-
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
         # 4x4x4 board keeps track of which player occupies each place
         # and used by machine to work out its strategy
         self.board = [0] * 64
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ class TicTacToe3D:
             [12, 25, 38, 51],
         ]
 
-    def get(self, x, y, z):
+    def get(self, x, y, z) -> Player:
         m = self.board[4 * (4 * z + y) + x]
         if m == 40:
             return Player.MACHINE
@@ -129,11 +129,11 @@ class TicTacToe3D:
         else:
             return Player.EMPTY
 
-    def move3D(self, x, y, z, player):
+    def move_3d(self, x, y, z, player) -> bool:
         m = 4 * (4 * z + y) + x
         return self.move(m, player)
 
-    def move(self, m, player):
+    def move(self, m, player) -> bool:
         if self.board[m] > 1:
             return False
 
@@ -143,13 +143,13 @@ class TicTacToe3D:
             self.board[m] = 8
         return True
 
-    def get3DPosition(self, m):
+    def get_3d_position(self, m) -> Tuple[int, int, int]:
         x = m % 4
         y = (m // 4) % 4
         z = m // 16
         return x, y, z
 
-    def evaluateLines(self):
+    def evaluate_lines(self) -> None:
         self.lineValues = [0] * 76
         for j in range(76):
             value = 0
@@ -157,18 +157,18 @@ class TicTacToe3D:
                 value += self.board[self.lines[j][k]]
             self.lineValues[j] = value
 
-    def strategyMarkLine(self, i):
+    def strategy_mark_line(self, i) -> None:
         for j in range(4):
             m = self.lines[i][j]
             if self.board[m] == 0:
                 self.board[m] = 1
 
-    def clearStrategyMarks(self):
+    def clear_strategy_marks(self) -> None:
         for i in range(64):
             if self.board[i] == 1:
                 self.board[i] = 0
 
-    def markAndMove(self, vlow, vhigh, vmove):
+    def mark_and_move(self, vlow, vhigh, vmove) -> Optional[Tuple[Move, int]]:
         """
         mark lines that can potentially win the game for the human
         or the machine and choose best place to play
@@ -180,37 +180,37 @@ class TicTacToe3D:
             self.lineValues[i] = value
             if vlow <= value < vhigh:
                 if value > vlow:
-                    return self.moveTriple(i)
-                self.strategyMarkLine(i)
-        self.evaluateLines()
+                    return self.move_triple(i)
+                self.strategy_mark_line(i)
+        self.evaluate_lines()
 
         for i in range(76):
             value = self.lineValues[i]
             if value == 4 or value == vmove:
-                return self.moveDiagonals(i, 1)
+                return self.move_diagonals(i, 1)
         return None
 
-    def machineMove(self):
+    def machine_move(self) -> Union[None, Tuple[Move, int], Tuple[Move, int, int]]:
         """machine works out what move to play"""
-        self.clearStrategyMarks()
+        self.clear_strategy_marks()
 
-        self.evaluateLines()
+        self.evaluate_lines()
         for value, event in [
-            (32, self.humanWin),
-            (120, self.machineWin),
-            (24, self.blockHumanWin),
+            (32, self.human_win),
+            (120, self.machine_win),
+            (24, self.block_human_win),
         ]:
             for i in range(76):
                 if self.lineValues[i] == value:
                     return event(i)
 
-        m = self.markAndMove(80, 88, 43)
+        m = self.mark_and_move(80, 88, 43)
         if m is not None:
             return m
 
-        self.clearStrategyMarks()
+        self.clear_strategy_marks()
 
-        m = self.markAndMove(16, 24, 11)
+        m = self.mark_and_move(16, 24, 11)
         if m is not None:
             return m
 
@@ -222,11 +222,11 @@ class TicTacToe3D:
             if (32 <= value < 40) or (72 <= value < 80):
                 for s in [1, 0]:
                     for i in range(4 * k, 4 * k + 4):
-                        m = self.moveDiagonals(i, s)
+                        m = self.move_diagonals(i, s)
                         if m is not None:
                             return m
 
-        self.clearStrategyMarks()
+        self.clear_strategy_marks()
 
         for y in self.corners:
             if self.board[y] == 0:
@@ -238,24 +238,24 @@ class TicTacToe3D:
 
         return (Move.DRAW, -1)
 
-    def humanWin(self, i):
+    def human_win(self, i) -> Tuple[Move, int, int]:
         return (Move.HUMAN_WIN, -1, i)
 
-    def machineWin(self, i):
+    def machine_win(self, i) -> Optional[Tuple[Move, int, int]]:
         for j in range(4):
             m = self.lines[i][j]
             if self.board[m] == 0:
                 return (Move.MACHINE_WIN, m, i)
         return None
 
-    def blockHumanWin(self, i):
+    def block_human_win(self, i) -> Optional[Tuple[Move, int]]:
         for j in range(4):
             m = self.lines[i][j]
             if self.board[m] == 0:
                 return (Move.NICE_TRY, m)
         return None
 
-    def moveTriple(self, i):
+    def move_triple(self, i) -> Tuple[Move, int]:
         """make two lines-of-3 or prevent human from doing this"""
         for j in range(4):
             m = self.lines[i][j]
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ class TicTacToe3D:
         return (Move.CONCEDES, -1)
 
     # choose move in corners or center boxes of square 4x4
-    def moveDiagonals(self, i, s):
+    def move_diagonals(self, i, s) -> Optional[Tuple[Move, int]]:
         if 0 < (i % 4) < 3:
             jrange = [1, 2]
         else:
@@ -280,15 +280,15 @@ class TicTacToe3D:
 
 
 class Qubit:
-    def moveCode(self, board, m):
+    def move_code(self, board, m) -> str:
         x, y, z = board.get3DPosition(m)
         return f"{z + 1:d}{y + 1:d}{x + 1:d}"
 
-    def showWin(self, board, i):
+    def show_win(self, board, i) -> None:
         for m in board.lines[i]:
-            print(self.moveCode(board, m))
+            print(self.move_code(board, m))
 
-    def showBoard(self, board):
+    def show_board(self, board) -> None:
         c = " YM"
         for z in range(4):
             for y in range(4):
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ class Qubit:
                 print("\n")
             print("\n")
 
-    def humanMove(self, board):
+    def human_move(self, board) -> bool:
         print()
         c = "1234"
         while True:
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ class Qubit:
             if h == "1":
                 return False
             if h == "0":
-                self.showBoard(board)
+                self.show_board(board)
                 continue
             if (len(h) == 3) and (h[0] in c) and (h[1] in c) and (h[2] in c):
                 x = c.find(h[2])
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ class Qubit:
 
         return True
 
-    def play(self):
+    def play(self) -> None:
         print("Qubic\n")
         print("Create Computing Morristown, New Jersey\n\n\n")
         while True:
@@ -368,22 +368,23 @@ class Qubit:
             ]
 
             while True:
-                if not skipHuman and not self.humanMove(board):
+                if not skipHuman and not self.human_move(board):
                     break
                 skipHuman = False
 
-                m = board.machineMove()
+                m = board.machine_move()
+                assert m is not None
                 if m[0] == Move.HUMAN_WIN:
                     print("You win as follows,")
-                    self.showWin(board, m[2])
+                    self.show_win(board, m[2])  # type: ignore
                     break
                 elif m[0] == Move.MACHINE_WIN:
                     print(
                         "Machine moves to {}, and wins as follows".format(
-                            self.moveCode(board, m[1])
+                            self.move_code(board, m[1])
                         )
                     )
-                    self.showWin(board, m[2])
+                    self.show_win(board, m[2])  # type: ignore
                     break
                 elif m[0] == Move.DRAW:
                     print("The game is a draw.")
@@ -393,10 +394,10 @@ class Qubit:
                     break
                 else:
                     print(move_text[m[0].value - Move.MOVES.value])
-                    print(self.moveCode(board, m[1]))
+                    print(self.move_code(board, m[1]))
                     board.move(m[1], Player.MACHINE)
 
-                self.showBoard(board)
+                self.show_board(board)
 
             print(" ")
             while True:
diff --git a/89_Tic-Tac-Toe/python/TicTacToe_Hard.py b/89_Tic-Tac-Toe/python/TicTacToe_Hard.py
index 1fc7099e..b5708d80 100644
--- a/89_Tic-Tac-Toe/python/TicTacToe_Hard.py
+++ b/89_Tic-Tac-Toe/python/TicTacToe_Hard.py
@@ -1,15 +1,18 @@
+from typing import List, Tuple, Union
+
+
 class TicTacToe:
-    def __init__(self, pick, sz=3):
+    def __init__(self, pick, sz=3) -> None:
         self.pick = pick
         self.dim_sz = sz
         self.board = self.clear_board()
 
-    def clear_board(self):
+    def clear_board(self) -> List[List[str]]:
         board = [["blur" for i in range(self.dim_sz)] for j in range(self.dim_sz)]
         # made a 3x3 by-default board
         return board
 
-    def move_record(self, r, c):
+    def move_record(self, r, c) -> Union[str, bool]:
         if r > self.dim_sz or c > self.dim_sz:
             return "Out of Bounds"
         if self.board[r][c] != "blur":
@@ -17,7 +20,7 @@ class TicTacToe:
         self.board[r][c] = self.pick
         return True
 
-    def check_win(self):  # 1 you won, 0 computer won, -1 tie
+    def check_win(self) -> int:  # 1 you won, 0 computer won, -1 tie
         # Flag syntax -> first player no. ,
         # User is Player#1 ;
         # Check set 1 -> row and '\' diagonal & Check set 2 -> col and '/' diagonal
@@ -88,7 +91,7 @@ class TicTacToe:
 
         return -1
 
-    def next_move(self):
+    def next_move(self) -> Union[Tuple[int, int], Tuple[List[int], List[int]]]:
         available_moves = []  # will carry all available moves
         player_win_spot = []  # if player (user Wins)
         comp_pick = "O"
@@ -113,7 +116,6 @@ class TicTacToe:
         if len(player_win_spot) != 0:
             self.board[player_win_spot[0][0]][player_win_spot[0][1]] = comp_pick
             return player_win_spot[0][0], player_win_spot[0][1]
-        # print(AvailableMoves)
         if len(available_moves) == 1:
             self.board[available_moves[0][0]][available_moves[0][1]] = comp_pick
             return [available_moves[0][0]], [available_moves[0][1]]
@@ -121,7 +123,6 @@ class TicTacToe:
             return -1, -1
 
         c1, c2 = self.dim_sz // 2, self.dim_sz // 2
-        # print(c1,c2,self.dim_sz)
         if (c1, c2) in available_moves:  # CENTER
             self.board[c1][c2] = comp_pick
             return c1, c2
@@ -163,34 +164,33 @@ class TicTacToe:
                 ) in available_moves:  # RIGHT TOP TO RIGHT BOTTOM
                     self.board[c1 - gap + i][c2 + gap] = comp_pick
                     return c1 - gap + i, c2 + gap
+        raise RuntimeError("No moves available")
 
 
-def display(Game: TicTacToe) -> None:
+def display(game: TicTacToe) -> None:
     line1 = ""
-    for i in range(0, Game.dim_sz):
-        for j in range(0, Game.dim_sz - 1):
-            if Game.board[i][j] == "blur":
+    for i in range(0, game.dim_sz):
+        for j in range(0, game.dim_sz - 1):
+            if game.board[i][j] == "blur":
                 line1 = line1 + "    |"
             else:
-                line1 = line1 + "  " + Game.board[i][j] + " |"
-        if Game.board[i][Game.dim_sz - 1] == "blur":
+                line1 = line1 + "  " + game.board[i][j] + " |"
+        if game.board[i][game.dim_sz - 1] == "blur":
             line1 = line1 + "    \n"
         else:
-            line1 = line1 + "  " + Game.board[i][Game.dim_sz - 1] + " \n"
-        # line1 = line1 + " " + Game.board[i][Game.dim_sz-1] + "\n"
+            line1 = line1 + "  " + game.board[i][game.dim_sz - 1] + " \n"
     print(line1, "\n\n")
 
 
 def main() -> None:
-    Pick = input("Pick 'X' or 'O' ").strip().upper()
-    if Pick == "O":
-        Game = TicTacToe("O")
+    pick = input("Pick 'X' or 'O' ").strip().upper()
+    if pick == "O":
+        game = TicTacToe("O")
     else:
-        Game = TicTacToe("X")
-    display(Game=Game)
+        game = TicTacToe("X")
+    display(game=game)
     while True:
-        # Display(Game)
-        temp = False
+        temp: Union[bool, str] = False
         while not temp:
             move = list(
                 map(
@@ -198,24 +198,24 @@ def main() -> None:
                     input("Make A Move in Grid System from (0,0) to (2,2) ").split(),
                 )
             )
-            temp = Game.move_record(move[0], move[1])
+            temp = game.move_record(move[0], move[1])
             if not temp:
                 print(temp)
 
-        if Game.check_win() == 1:
+        if game.check_win() == 1:
             print("You Won!")
             break
         print("Your Move:- ")
-        display(Game)
-        C1, C2 = Game.next_move()
+        display(game)
+        C1, C2 = game.next_move()
         if C1 == -1 and C2 == -1:
             print("Game Tie!")
             break
-        if Game.check_win() == 0:
+        if game.check_win() == 0:
             print("You lost!")
             break
         print("Computer's Move :-")
-        display(Game)
+        display(game)
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
diff --git a/89_Tic-Tac-Toe/python/tictactoe2.py b/89_Tic-Tac-Toe/python/tictactoe2.py
index a7452190..210ff2e7 100755
--- a/89_Tic-Tac-Toe/python/tictactoe2.py
+++ b/89_Tic-Tac-Toe/python/tictactoe2.py
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ def prompt_player(board):
         return move
 
 
-def main():
+def main() -> None:
     print(" " * 30 + "TIC-TAC-TOE")
     print(" " * 15 + "CREATIVE COMPUTING  MORRISTOWN, NEW JERSEY")
     print("\n\n")
diff --git a/90_Tower/python/tower.py b/90_Tower/python/tower.py
index 982f8bb3..7d30c9eb 100644
--- a/90_Tower/python/tower.py
+++ b/90_Tower/python/tower.py
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 import sys
+from typing import List, Optional
 
 
 class Disk:
-    def __init__(self, size):
+    def __init__(self, size: int) -> None:
         self.__size = size
 
-    def size(self):
+    def size(self) -> int:
         return self.__size
 
     def print(self) -> None:
@@ -13,28 +14,29 @@ class Disk:
 
 
 class Tower:
-    def __init__(self):
-        self.__disks = []
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self.__disks: List[Disk] = []
 
-    def empty(self):
+    def empty(self) -> bool:
         return len(self.__disks) == 0
 
-    def top(self):
+    def top(self) -> Optional[Disk]:
         if self.empty():
             return None
         else:
             return self.__disks[-1]
 
-    def add(self, disk):
+    def add(self, disk: Disk) -> None:
         if not self.empty():
             t = self.top()
+            assert t is not None  # cannot happen as it's not empty
             if disk.size() > t.size():
                 raise Exception(
                     "YOU CAN'T PLACE A LARGER DISK ON TOP OF A SMALLER ONE, IT MIGHT CRUSH IT!"
                 )
         self.__disks.append(disk)
 
-    def pop(self):
+    def pop(self) -> Disk:
         if self.empty():
             raise Exception("empty pop")
         return self.__disks.pop()
@@ -45,7 +47,7 @@ class Tower:
 
 
 class Game:
-    def __init__(self):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
         # use fewer sizes to make debugging easier
         # self.__sizes = [3, 5, 7]  # ,9,11,13,15]
         self.__sizes = [3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15]
@@ -60,23 +62,23 @@ class Game:
             disk = Disk(size)
             self.__towers[0].add(disk)
 
-    def winner(self):
+    def winner(self) -> bool:
         return self.__towers[0].empty() and self.__towers[1].empty()
 
     def print(self) -> None:
         for t in self.__towers:
             t.print()
 
-    def moves(self):
+    def moves(self) -> int:
         return self.__moves
 
-    def which_disk(self):
+    def which_disk(self) -> int:
         w = int(input("WHICH DISK WOULD YOU LIKE TO MOVE\n"))
         if w in self.__sizes:
             return w
         raise Exception()
 
-    def pick_disk(self):
+    def pick_disk(self) -> Optional[Tower]:
         which = None
         while which is None:
             try:
@@ -93,7 +95,7 @@ class Game:
             assert valids[0].top().size() == which
             return valids[0]
 
-    def which_tower(self):
+    def which_tower(self) -> Optional[Tower]:
         try:
             needle = int(input("PLACE DISK ON WHICH NEEDLE\n"))
             tower = self.__towers[needle - 1]
@@ -105,7 +107,7 @@ class Game:
         else:
             return tower
 
-    def take_turn(self):
+    def take_turn(self) -> None:
         from_tower = None
         while from_tower is None:
             from_tower = self.pick_disk()
diff --git a/91_Train/python/train.py b/91_Train/python/train.py
index d7ac55d8..2affcc0a 100644
--- a/91_Train/python/train.py
+++ b/91_Train/python/train.py
@@ -6,14 +6,14 @@
 import random
 
 
-def play_game():
+def play_game() -> None:
     """Play one round of the game"""
     car_speed = random.randint(40, 65)
     time_difference = random.randint(5, 20)
     train_speed = random.randint(20, 39)
     print("\nA car travelling", car_speed, "MPH can make a certain trip in")
     print(time_difference, "hours less than a train travelling at", train_speed, "MPH")
-    time_answer = 0
+    time_answer: float = 0
     while time_answer == 0:
         try:
             time_answer = float(input("How long does the trip take by car "))
diff --git a/92_Trap/python/trap.py b/92_Trap/python/trap.py
index 5f74a760..64220234 100644
--- a/92_Trap/python/trap.py
+++ b/92_Trap/python/trap.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ number_max = 100
 guess_max = 6
 
 
-def play_game():
+def play_game() -> None:
     """Play one round of the game"""
 
     number_computer = random.randint(1, number_max)
diff --git a/93_23_Matches/python/23matches.py b/93_23_Matches/python/23matches.py
index 5488f08b..5375a176 100755
--- a/93_23_Matches/python/23matches.py
+++ b/93_23_Matches/python/23matches.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 import random
 
 
-def play_game():
+def play_game() -> None:
     """Play one round of the game"""
 
     matches = 23
diff --git a/94_War/python/cards.json b/94_War/python/cards.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b27e9bd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/94_War/python/cards.json
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+[
+    "S-2",
+    "H-2",
+    "C-2",
+    "D-2",
+    "S-3",
+    "H-3",
+    "C-3",
+    "D-3",
+    "S-4",
+    "H-4",
+    "C-4",
+    "D-4",
+    "S-5",
+    "H-5",
+    "C-5",
+    "D-5",
+    "S-6",
+    "H-6",
+    "C-6",
+    "D-6",
+    "S-7",
+    "H-7",
+    "C-7",
+    "D-7",
+    "S-8",
+    "H-8",
+    "C-8",
+    "D-8",
+    "S-9",
+    "H-9",
+    "C-9",
+    "D-9",
+    "S-10",
+    "H-10",
+    "C-10",
+    "D-10",
+    "S-J",
+    "H-J",
+    "C-J",
+    "D-J",
+    "S-Q",
+    "H-Q",
+    "C-Q",
+    "D-Q",
+    "S-K",
+    "H-K",
+    "C-K",
+    "D-K",
+    "S-A",
+    "H-A",
+    "C-A",
+    "D-A"
+]
diff --git a/94_War/python/war.py b/94_War/python/war.py
index f8d34004..48137c38 100755
--- a/94_War/python/war.py
+++ b/94_War/python/war.py
@@ -1,75 +1,27 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-# WAR
-#
-# Converted from BASIC to Python by Trevor Hobson
 
+"""
+WAR
+
+Converted from BASIC to Python by Trevor Hobson
+"""
+
+import json
 import random
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import List
 
 
-def card_value(input):
+def card_value(input: str) -> int:
     return ["2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9", "10", "J", "Q", "K", "A"].index(
         input.split("-")[1]
     )
 
 
-cards = [
-    "S-2",
-    "H-2",
-    "C-2",
-    "D-2",
-    "S-3",
-    "H-3",
-    "C-3",
-    "D-3",
-    "S-4",
-    "H-4",
-    "C-4",
-    "D-4",
-    "S-5",
-    "H-5",
-    "C-5",
-    "D-5",
-    "S-6",
-    "H-6",
-    "C-6",
-    "D-6",
-    "S-7",
-    "H-7",
-    "C-7",
-    "D-7",
-    "S-8",
-    "H-8",
-    "C-8",
-    "D-8",
-    "S-9",
-    "H-9",
-    "C-9",
-    "D-9",
-    "S-10",
-    "H-10",
-    "C-10",
-    "D-10",
-    "S-J",
-    "H-J",
-    "C-J",
-    "D-J",
-    "S-Q",
-    "H-Q",
-    "C-Q",
-    "D-Q",
-    "S-K",
-    "H-K",
-    "C-K",
-    "D-K",
-    "S-A",
-    "H-A",
-    "C-A",
-    "D-A",
-]
-
-
-def play_game():
+def play_game() -> None:
     """Play one round of the game"""
+    with open(Path(__file__).parent / "cards.json") as f:
+        cards: List[str] = json.load(f)
 
     random.shuffle(cards)
     score_you = 0
diff --git a/95_Weekday/python/weekday.py b/95_Weekday/python/weekday.py
index 990332d7..15cdae44 100644
--- a/95_Weekday/python/weekday.py
+++ b/95_Weekday/python/weekday.py
@@ -12,27 +12,28 @@ Ported by Dave LeCompte.
 """
 
 import datetime
+from typing import Tuple
 
 GET_TODAY_FROM_SYSTEM = True
 
 
-def get_date_from_user(prompt: str):
+def get_date_from_user(prompt: str) -> Tuple[int, int, int]:
     while True:
         print(prompt)
         date_str = input()
         try:
             month_num, day_num, year_num = (int(x) for x in date_str.split(","))
+            return month_num, day_num, year_num
         except Exception:
             print("I COULDN'T UNDERSTAND THAT. TRY AGAIN.")
-        return month_num, day_num, year_num
 
 
-def get_date_from_system():
+def get_date_from_system() -> Tuple[int, int, int]:
     dt = datetime.datetime.today()
     return dt.month, dt.day, dt.year
 
 
-def get_day_of_week(weekday_index, day):
+def get_day_of_week(weekday_index, day) -> str:
     day_names = {
         1: "SUNDAY",
         2: "MONDAY",
@@ -48,7 +49,7 @@ def get_day_of_week(weekday_index, day):
     return day_names[weekday_index]
 
 
-def previous_day(b):
+def previous_day(b) -> int:
     if b == 0:
         b = 6
     return b - 1
@@ -133,7 +134,7 @@ def calculate_day_of_week(year, month, day):
     return b
 
 
-def end():
+def end() -> None:
     for _ in range(5):
         print()