diff --git a/capa/engine.py b/capa/engine.py
index b28a15a2..0b45dc06 100644
--- a/capa/engine.py
+++ b/capa/engine.py
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Set, Dict, List, Tuple, Mapping, Iterable
 import capa.perf
 import capa.features.common
 from capa.features.common import Result, Feature
+from capa.features.address import Address
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     # circular import, otherwise
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
 # to collect the locations of a feature, do: `features[Number(0x10)]`
 #
 # aliased here so that the type can be documented and xref'd.
-FeatureSet = Dict[Feature, Set[int]]
+FeatureSet = Dict[Feature, Set[Address]]
 
 
 class Statement:
@@ -257,10 +258,10 @@ class Subscope(Statement):
 #         inspect(match_details)
 #
 # aliased here so that the type can be documented and xref'd.
-MatchResults = Mapping[str, List[Tuple[int, Result]]]
+MatchResults = Mapping[str, List[Tuple[Address, Result]]]
 
 
-def index_rule_matches(features: FeatureSet, rule: "capa.rules.Rule", locations: Iterable[int]):
+def index_rule_matches(features: FeatureSet, rule: "capa.rules.Rule", locations: Iterable[Address]):
     """
     record into the given featureset that the given rule matched at the given locations.
 
@@ -277,7 +278,7 @@ def index_rule_matches(features: FeatureSet, rule: "capa.rules.Rule", locations:
             namespace, _, _ = namespace.rpartition("/")
 
 
-def match(rules: List["capa.rules.Rule"], features: FeatureSet, va: int) -> Tuple[FeatureSet, MatchResults]:
+def match(rules: List["capa.rules.Rule"], features: FeatureSet, addr: Address) -> Tuple[FeatureSet, MatchResults]:
     """
     match the given rules against the given features,
     returning an updated set of features and the matches.
@@ -315,10 +316,10 @@ def match(rules: List["capa.rules.Rule"], features: FeatureSet, va: int) -> Tupl
             # sanity check
             assert bool(res) is True
 
-            results[rule.name].append((va, res))
+            results[rule.name].append((addr, res))
             # we need to update the current `features`
             # because subsequent iterations of this loop may use newly added features,
             # such as rule or namespace matches.
-            index_rule_matches(features, rule, [va])
+            index_rule_matches(features, rule, [addr])
 
     return (features, results)
diff --git a/capa/features/address.py b/capa/features/address.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5d96b75c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/capa/features/address.py
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+import abc
+
+from dncil.clr.token import Token
+
+
+class Address(abc.ABC):
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        # implement < so that addresses can be sorted from low to high
+        ...
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def __hash__(self):
+        # implement hash so that addresses can be used in sets and dicts
+        ...
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def __str__(self):
+        # implement str so the address can be rendered in capa output
+        ...
+
+
+class AbsoluteVirtualAddress(int, Address):
+    """an absolute memory address"""
+    def __new__(cls, v):
+        assert v > 0
+        return int.__new__(cls, v)
+
+
+class RelativeVirtualAddress(int, Address):
+    """a memory address relative to a base address"""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class FileOffsetAddress(int, Address):
+    """an address relative to the start of a file"""
+    def __new__(cls, v):
+        assert v > 0
+        return int.__new__(cls, v)
+
+
+class DNTokenAddress(Token, Address):
+    """a .NET token"""
+    pass
+
+
+class DNTokenOffsetAddress(Address):
+    """an offset into an object specified by a .NET token"""
+
+    def __init__(self, token: Token, rva: int):
+        assert rva > 0
+        self.token = token
+        self.rva = rva
+
+
+class _NoAddress(Address):
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        return False
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(0)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "no address"
+
+
+NO_ADDRESS = _NoAddress()
diff --git a/capa/features/common.py b/capa/features/common.py
index ed2b288e..e6c5f675 100644
--- a/capa/features/common.py
+++ b/capa/features/common.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import abc
 import codecs
 import logging
 import collections
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Set, Dict, List, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Set, Dict, List, Union, Optional, Sequence
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     # circular import, otherwise
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
 import capa.perf
 import capa.features
 import capa.features.extractors.elf
+from capa.features.address import Address
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 MAX_BYTES_FEATURE_SIZE = 0x100
@@ -70,20 +71,13 @@ class Result:
         success: bool,
         statement: Union["capa.engine.Statement", "Feature"],
         children: List["Result"],
-        locations=None,
+        locations: Optional[Set[Address]] = None,
     ):
-        """
-        args:
-          success (bool)
-          statement (capa.engine.Statement or capa.features.Feature)
-          children (list[Result])
-          locations (iterable[VA])
-        """
         super(Result, self).__init__()
         self.success = success
         self.statement = statement
         self.children = children
-        self.locations = locations if locations is not None else ()
+        self.locations = locations if locations is not None else set()
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
         if isinstance(other, bool):
@@ -137,10 +131,10 @@ class Feature(abc.ABC):
     def __repr__(self):
         return str(self)
 
-    def evaluate(self, ctx: Dict["Feature", Set[int]], **kwargs) -> Result:
+    def evaluate(self, ctx: Dict["Feature", Set[Address]], **kwargs) -> Result:
         capa.perf.counters["evaluate.feature"] += 1
         capa.perf.counters["evaluate.feature." + self.name] += 1
-        return Result(self in ctx, self, [], locations=ctx.get(self, []))
+        return Result(self in ctx, self, [], locations=ctx.get(self, set()))
 
     def freeze_serialize(self):
         return (self.__class__.__name__, [self.value])
diff --git a/capa/main.py b/capa/main.py
index 5b306c7c..cdb4a164 100644
--- a/capa/main.py
+++ b/capa/main.py
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ from capa.features.common import (
     FORMAT_DOTNET,
     FORMAT_FREEZE,
 )
+from capa.features.address import NO_ADDRESS
 from capa.features.extractors.base_extractor import BBHandle, InsnHandle, FunctionHandle, FeatureExtractor
 
 RULES_PATH_DEFAULT_STRING = "(embedded rules)"
@@ -224,7 +225,7 @@ def find_file_capabilities(ruleset: RuleSet, extractor: FeatureExtractor, functi
 
     file_features.update(function_features)
 
-    _, matches = ruleset.match(Scope.FILE, file_features, 0x0)
+    _, matches = ruleset.match(Scope.FILE, file_features, NO_ADDRESS)
     return matches, len(file_features)
 
 
diff --git a/capa/rules.py b/capa/rules.py
index f42b56a4..537014e0 100644
--- a/capa/rules.py
+++ b/capa/rules.py
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ import uuid
 import codecs
 import logging
 import binascii
-import functools
 import collections
 from enum import Enum
 
@@ -40,6 +39,7 @@ import capa.features.common
 import capa.features.basicblock
 from capa.engine import Statement, FeatureSet
 from capa.features.common import MAX_BYTES_FEATURE_SIZE, Feature
+from capa.features.address import Address
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -1284,7 +1284,7 @@ class RuleSet:
                     break
         return RuleSet(list(rules_filtered))
 
-    def match(self, scope: Scope, features: FeatureSet, va: int) -> Tuple[FeatureSet, ceng.MatchResults]:
+    def match(self, scope: Scope, features: FeatureSet, addr: Address) -> Tuple[FeatureSet, ceng.MatchResults]:
         """
         match rules from this ruleset at the given scope against the given features.
 
@@ -1316,7 +1316,7 @@ class RuleSet:
         # first, match against the set of rules that have at least one
         # feature shared with our feature set.
         candidate_rules = [self.rules[name] for name in candidate_rule_names]
-        features2, easy_matches = ceng.match(candidate_rules, features, va)
+        features2, easy_matches = ceng.match(candidate_rules, features, addr)
 
         # note that we've stored the updated feature set in `features2`.
         # this contains a superset of the features in `features`;
@@ -1335,7 +1335,7 @@ class RuleSet:
         # that we can't really make any guesses about.
         # these are rules with hard features, like substring/regex/bytes and match statements.
         hard_rules = [self.rules[name] for name in hard_rule_names]
-        features3, hard_matches = ceng.match(hard_rules, features2, va)
+        features3, hard_matches = ceng.match(hard_rules, features2, addr)
 
         # note that above, we probably are skipping matching a bunch of
         # rules that definitely would never hit.