diff --git a/capa/helpers.py b/capa/helpers.py
index daa51aa1..b6f947fc 100644
--- a/capa/helpers.py
+++ b/capa/helpers.py
@@ -52,15 +52,15 @@ def assert_never(value) -> NoReturn:
     assert False, f"Unhandled value: {value} ({type(value).__name__})"
 
 
-def get_format_from_extension(sample: str) -> str:
-    if sample.endswith(EXTENSIONS_SHELLCODE_32):
+def get_format_from_extension(sample: Path) -> str:
+    if sample.name.endswith(EXTENSIONS_SHELLCODE_32):
         return FORMAT_SC32
-    elif sample.endswith(EXTENSIONS_SHELLCODE_64):
+    elif sample.name.endswith(EXTENSIONS_SHELLCODE_64):
         return FORMAT_SC64
     return FORMAT_UNKNOWN
 
 
-def get_auto_format(path: str) -> str:
+def get_auto_format(path: Path) -> str:
     format_ = get_format(path)
     if format_ == FORMAT_UNKNOWN:
         format_ = get_format_from_extension(path)
@@ -69,17 +69,16 @@ def get_auto_format(path: str) -> str:
     return format_
 
 
-def get_format(sample: str) -> str:
+def get_format(sample: Path) -> str:
     # imported locally to avoid import cycle
     from capa.features.extractors.common import extract_format
     from capa.features.extractors.dnfile_ import DnfileFeatureExtractor
 
-    with open(sample, "rb") as f:
-        buf = f.read()
+    buf = sample.read_bytes()
 
     for feature, _ in extract_format(buf):
         if feature == Format(FORMAT_PE):
-            dnfile_extractor = DnfileFeatureExtractor(sample)
+            dnfile_extractor = DnfileFeatureExtractor(str(sample))
             if dnfile_extractor.is_dotnet_file():
                 feature = Format(FORMAT_DOTNET)
 
diff --git a/capa/ida/helpers.py b/capa/ida/helpers.py
index 64dcb84d..b8f1b2d2 100644
--- a/capa/ida/helpers.py
+++ b/capa/ida/helpers.py
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ def collect_metadata(rules: List[Path]):
             arch=arch,
             os=os,
             extractor="ida",
-            rules=tuple(str(r.resolve().absolute()) for r in rules),
+            rules=tuple(r.resolve().absolute().as_posix() for r in rules),
             base_address=capa.features.freeze.Address.from_capa(idaapi.get_imagebase()),
             layout=rdoc.Layout(
                 functions=tuple()
diff --git a/capa/main.py b/capa/main.py
index ef665ac5..6024c169 100644
--- a/capa/main.py
+++ b/capa/main.py
@@ -364,26 +364,23 @@ def has_file_limitation(rules: RuleSet, capabilities: MatchResults, is_standalon
     return False
 
 
-def is_supported_format(sample: str) -> bool:
+def is_supported_format(sample: Path) -> bool:
     """
     Return if this is a supported file based on magic header values
     """
-    with open(sample, "rb") as f:
-        taste = f.read(0x100)
+    taste = sample.open("rb").read(0x100)
 
     return len(list(capa.features.extractors.common.extract_format(taste))) == 1
 
 
-def is_supported_arch(sample: str) -> bool:
-    with open(sample, "rb") as f:
-        buf = f.read()
+def is_supported_arch(sample: Path) -> bool:
+    buf = sample.read_bytes()
 
     return len(list(capa.features.extractors.common.extract_arch(buf))) == 1
 
 
-def get_arch(sample: str) -> str:
-    with open(sample, "rb") as f:
-        buf = f.read()
+def get_arch(sample: Path) -> str:
+    buf = sample.read_bytes()
 
     for feature, _ in capa.features.extractors.common.extract_arch(buf):
         assert isinstance(feature.value, str)
@@ -392,16 +389,14 @@ def get_arch(sample: str) -> str:
     return "unknown"
 
 
-def is_supported_os(sample: str) -> bool:
-    with open(sample, "rb") as f:
-        buf = f.read()
+def is_supported_os(sample: Path) -> bool:
+    buf = sample.read_bytes()
 
     return len(list(capa.features.extractors.common.extract_os(buf))) == 1
 
 
-def get_os(sample: str) -> str:
-    with open(sample, "rb") as f:
-        buf = f.read()
+def get_os(sample: Path) -> str:
+    buf = sample.read_bytes()
 
     for feature, _ in capa.features.extractors.common.extract_os(buf):
         assert isinstance(feature.value, str)
@@ -463,7 +458,7 @@ def get_default_signatures() -> List[Path]:
     return ret
 
 
-def get_workspace(path, format_, sigpaths: List[Path]):
+def get_workspace(path: Path, format_: str, sigpaths: List[Path]):
     """
     load the program at the given path into a vivisect workspace using the given format.
     also apply the given FLIRT signatures.
@@ -490,18 +485,18 @@ def get_workspace(path, format_, sigpaths: List[Path]):
             raise UnsupportedFormatError()
 
         # don't analyze, so that we can add our Flirt function analyzer first.
-        vw = viv_utils.getWorkspace(path, analyze=False, should_save=False)
+        vw = viv_utils.getWorkspace(str(path), analyze=False, should_save=False)
     elif format_ in {FORMAT_PE, FORMAT_ELF}:
-        vw = viv_utils.getWorkspace(path, analyze=False, should_save=False)
+        vw = viv_utils.getWorkspace(str(path), analyze=False, should_save=False)
     elif format_ == FORMAT_SC32:
         # these are not analyzed nor saved.
-        vw = viv_utils.getShellcodeWorkspaceFromFile(path, arch="i386", analyze=False)
+        vw = viv_utils.getShellcodeWorkspaceFromFile(str(path), arch="i386", analyze=False)
     elif format_ == FORMAT_SC64:
-        vw = viv_utils.getShellcodeWorkspaceFromFile(path, arch="amd64", analyze=False)
+        vw = viv_utils.getShellcodeWorkspaceFromFile(str(path), arch="amd64", analyze=False)
     else:
         raise ValueError("unexpected format: " + format_)
 
-    viv_utils.flirt.register_flirt_signature_analyzers(vw, [s.as_posix() for s in sigpaths])
+    viv_utils.flirt.register_flirt_signature_analyzers(vw, [str(s) for s in sigpaths])
 
     vw.analyze()
 
@@ -511,7 +506,7 @@ def get_workspace(path, format_, sigpaths: List[Path]):
 
 # TODO get_extractors -> List[FeatureExtractor]?
 def get_extractor(
-    path: str,
+    path: Path,
     format_: str,
     os_: str,
     backend: str,
@@ -538,7 +533,7 @@ def get_extractor(
     if format_ == FORMAT_DOTNET:
         import capa.features.extractors.dnfile.extractor
 
-        return capa.features.extractors.dnfile.extractor.DnfileFeatureExtractor(path)
+        return capa.features.extractors.dnfile.extractor.DnfileFeatureExtractor(str(path))
 
     elif backend == BACKEND_BINJA:
         from capa.features.extractors.binja.find_binja_api import find_binja_path
@@ -561,7 +556,7 @@ def get_extractor(
         import capa.features.extractors.binja.extractor
 
         with halo.Halo(text="analyzing program", spinner="simpleDots", stream=sys.stderr, enabled=not disable_progress):
-            bv: BinaryView = BinaryViewType.get_view_of_file(path)
+            bv: BinaryView = BinaryViewType.get_view_of_file(str(path))
             if bv is None:
                 raise RuntimeError(f"Binary Ninja cannot open file {path}")
 
@@ -587,18 +582,18 @@ def get_extractor(
         return capa.features.extractors.viv.extractor.VivisectFeatureExtractor(vw, path, os_)
 
 
-def get_file_extractors(sample: str, format_: str) -> List[FeatureExtractor]:
+def get_file_extractors(sample: Path, format_: str) -> List[FeatureExtractor]:
     file_extractors: List[FeatureExtractor] = list()
 
     if format_ == FORMAT_PE:
-        file_extractors.append(capa.features.extractors.pefile.PefileFeatureExtractor(sample))
+        file_extractors.append(capa.features.extractors.pefile.PefileFeatureExtractor(str(sample)))
 
     elif format_ == FORMAT_DOTNET:
-        file_extractors.append(capa.features.extractors.pefile.PefileFeatureExtractor(sample))
-        file_extractors.append(capa.features.extractors.dnfile_.DnfileFeatureExtractor(sample))
+        file_extractors.append(capa.features.extractors.pefile.PefileFeatureExtractor(str(sample)))
+        file_extractors.append(capa.features.extractors.dnfile_.DnfileFeatureExtractor(str(sample)))
 
     elif format_ == capa.features.extractors.common.FORMAT_ELF:
-        file_extractors.append(capa.features.extractors.elffile.ElfFeatureExtractor(sample))
+        file_extractors.append(capa.features.extractors.elffile.ElfFeatureExtractor(str(sample)))
 
     return file_extractors
 
@@ -733,7 +728,7 @@ def get_signatures(sigs_path: Path) -> List[Path]:
 
 def collect_metadata(
     argv: List[str],
-    sample_path: str,
+    sample_path: Path,
     format_: str,
     os_: str,
     rules_path: List[Path],
@@ -743,7 +738,7 @@ def collect_metadata(
     sha1 = hashlib.sha1()
     sha256 = hashlib.sha256()
 
-    buf = Path(sample_path).read_bytes()
+    buf = sample_path.read_bytes()
 
     md5.update(buf)
     sha1.update(buf)
@@ -762,7 +757,7 @@ def collect_metadata(
             md5=md5.hexdigest(),
             sha1=sha1.hexdigest(),
             sha256=sha256.hexdigest(),
-            path=Path(sample_path).resolve().as_posix(),
+            path=sample_path.resolve().absolute().as_posix(),
         ),
         analysis=rdoc.Analysis(
             format=format_,
@@ -1008,6 +1003,9 @@ def handle_common_args(args):
     else:
         raise RuntimeError("unexpected --color value: " + args.color)
 
+    if hasattr(args, "sample"):
+        args.sample = Path(args.sample)
+
     if hasattr(args, "rules"):
         rules_paths: List[Path] = []
 
@@ -1116,7 +1114,7 @@ def main(argv=None):
         return ret
 
     try:
-        _ = get_file_taste(Path(args.sample))
+        _ = get_file_taste(args.sample)
     except IOError as e:
         # per our research there's not a programmatic way to render the IOError with non-ASCII filename unless we
         # handle the IOError separately and reach into the args
diff --git a/capa/render/proto/__init__.py b/capa/render/proto/__init__.py
index 4bbe66f8..cd2251ec 100644
--- a/capa/render/proto/__init__.py
+++ b/capa/render/proto/__init__.py
@@ -24,15 +24,10 @@ $ protoc.exe --python_out=. --mypy_out=. <path_to_proto> (e.g. capa/render/proto
 
 Alternatively, --pyi_out=. can be used to generate a Python Interface file that supports development
 """
-import sys
-import json
-import argparse
 import datetime
 from typing import Any, Dict, Union
-from pathlib import Path
 
 import google.protobuf.json_format
-from google.protobuf.json_format import MessageToJson
 
 import capa.rules
 import capa.features.freeze as frz
diff --git a/scripts/bulk-process.py b/scripts/bulk-process.py
index 7f71d067..29e83bf0 100644
--- a/scripts/bulk-process.py
+++ b/scripts/bulk-process.py
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ def main(argv=None):
 
         samples = []
         for file in Path(args.input).rglob("*"):
-            samples.append(file.as_posix())
+            samples.append(file)
 
         def pmap(f, args, parallelism=multiprocessing.cpu_count()):
             """apply the given function f to the given args using subprocesses"""
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ def main(argv=None):
             if result["status"] == "error":
                 logger.warning(result["error"])
             elif result["status"] == "ok":
-                results[result["path"]] = rd.ResultDocument.parse_obj(result["ok"]).json(exclude_none=True)
+                results[result["path"].as_posix()] = rd.ResultDocument.parse_obj(result["ok"]).json(exclude_none=True)
             else:
                 raise ValueError(f"unexpected status: {result['status']}")
 
diff --git a/scripts/capa_as_library.py b/scripts/capa_as_library.py
index 57e32b2f..f0a4f5cc 100644
--- a/scripts/capa_as_library.py
+++ b/scripts/capa_as_library.py
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ def render_dictionary(doc: rd.ResultDocument) -> Dict[str, Any]:
 
 
 # ==== render dictionary helpers
-def capa_details(rules_path, file_path, output_format="dictionary"):
+def capa_details(rules_path: Path, file_path: Path, output_format="dictionary"):
     # load rules from disk
     rules = capa.main.get_rules([rules_path])
 
@@ -210,5 +210,5 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
     args = parser.parse_args()
     if args.rules != RULES_PATH:
         args.rules = Path(args.rules)
-    print(capa_details(args.rules, args.file, args.output))
+    print(capa_details(args.rules, Path(args.file), args.output))
     sys.exit(0)
diff --git a/scripts/import-to-bn.py b/scripts/import-to-bn.py
index 8fe8da6e..04662324 100644
--- a/scripts/import-to-bn.py
+++ b/scripts/import-to-bn.py
@@ -51,13 +51,13 @@ def load_analysis(bv):
     binaryninja.log_info(f"dirname: {dirname}\nshortname: {shortname}\n")
     js_path = path = dirname / (shortname + ".js")
     json_path = dirname / (shortname + ".json")
-    if os.access(js_path.as_posix(), os.R_OK):
+    if os.access(str(js_path), os.R_OK):
         path = js_path
-    elif os.access(json_path.as_posix(), os.R_OK):
+    elif os.access(str(json_path), os.R_OK):
         path = json_path
     else:
         path = binaryninja.interaction.get_open_filename_input("capa report:", "JSON (*.js *.json);;All Files (*)")
-    if not path or not os.access(path.as_posix(), os.R_OK):
+    if not path or not os.access(str(path), os.R_OK):
         binaryninja.log_error("Invalid filename.")
         return 0
     binaryninja.log_info(f"Using capa file {path}")
diff --git a/scripts/lint.py b/scripts/lint.py
index dae18c2b..e289b356 100644
--- a/scripts/lint.py
+++ b/scripts/lint.py
@@ -296,14 +296,14 @@ DEFAULT_SIGNATURES = capa.main.get_default_signatures()
 
 
 def get_sample_capabilities(ctx: Context, path: Path) -> Set[str]:
-    nice_path = path.resolve().absolute().as_posix()
+    nice_path = path.resolve().absolute()
     if path in ctx.capabilities_by_sample:
         logger.debug("found cached results: %s: %d capabilities", nice_path, len(ctx.capabilities_by_sample[path]))
         return ctx.capabilities_by_sample[path]
 
-    if nice_path.endswith(capa.helpers.EXTENSIONS_SHELLCODE_32):
+    if nice_path.name.endswith(capa.helpers.EXTENSIONS_SHELLCODE_32):
         format_ = "sc32"
-    elif nice_path.endswith(capa.helpers.EXTENSIONS_SHELLCODE_64):
+    elif nice_path.name.endswith(capa.helpers.EXTENSIONS_SHELLCODE_64):
         format_ = "sc64"
     else:
         format_ = capa.main.get_auto_format(nice_path)
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ class DoesntMatchExample(Lint):
             try:
                 capabilities = get_sample_capabilities(ctx, path)
             except Exception as e:
-                logger.error("failed to extract capabilities: %s %s %s", rule.name, str(path), e, exc_info=True)
+                logger.error("failed to extract capabilities: %s %s %s", rule.name, path, e, exc_info=True)
                 return True
 
             if rule.name not in capabilities:
@@ -917,12 +917,12 @@ def main(argv=None):
     if argv is None:
         argv = sys.argv[1:]
 
-    samples_path = (Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent / "tests" / "data").as_posix()
+    default_samples_path = str(Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent / "tests" / "data")
 
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Lint capa rules.")
     capa.main.install_common_args(parser, wanted={"tag"})
     parser.add_argument("rules", type=str, action="append", help="Path to rules")
-    parser.add_argument("--samples", type=str, default=samples_path, help="Path to samples")
+    parser.add_argument("--samples", type=str, default=default_samples_path, help="Path to samples")
     parser.add_argument(
         "--thorough",
         action="store_true",
@@ -953,12 +953,12 @@ def main(argv=None):
         return -1
 
     logger.info("collecting potentially referenced samples")
-    samplePath = Path(args.samples)
-    if not samplePath.exists():
-        logger.error("samples path %s does not exist", samplePath)
+    samples_path = Path(args.samples)
+    if not samples_path.exists():
+        logger.error("samples path %s does not exist", Path(samples_path))
         return -1
 
-    samples = collect_samples(samplePath)
+    samples = collect_samples(Path(samples_path))
 
     ctx = Context(samples=samples, rules=rules, is_thorough=args.thorough)
 
diff --git a/scripts/setup-linter-dependencies.py b/scripts/setup-linter-dependencies.py
index a6af52e9..a59d32f0 100644
--- a/scripts/setup-linter-dependencies.py
+++ b/scripts/setup-linter-dependencies.py
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
         "--output",
         "-o",
         type=str,
-        default=(Path(__file__).resolve().parent / "linter-data.json").as_posix(),
+        default=str(Path(__file__).resolve().parent / "linter-data.json"),
         help="Path to output file (lint.py will be looking for linter-data.json)",
     )
     main(parser.parse_args(args=argv[1:]))
diff --git a/tests/fixtures.py b/tests/fixtures.py
index b3109005..a8024491 100644
--- a/tests/fixtures.py
+++ b/tests/fixtures.py
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ def xfail(condition, reason=None):
 
 # need to limit cache size so GitHub Actions doesn't run out of memory, see #545
 @lru_cache(maxsize=1)
-def get_viv_extractor(path):
+def get_viv_extractor(path: Path):
     import capa.main
     import capa.features.extractors.viv.extractor
 
@@ -101,9 +101,9 @@ def get_viv_extractor(path):
         CD.parent / "sigs" / "3_flare_common_libs.sig",
     ]
 
-    if "raw32" in path:
+    if "raw32" in path.name:
         vw = capa.main.get_workspace(path, "sc32", sigpaths=sigpaths)
-    elif "raw64" in path:
+    elif "raw64" in path.name:
         vw = capa.main.get_workspace(path, "sc64", sigpaths=sigpaths)
     else:
         vw = capa.main.get_workspace(path, FORMAT_AUTO, sigpaths=sigpaths)
@@ -113,14 +113,14 @@ def get_viv_extractor(path):
     return extractor
 
 
-def fixup_viv(path, extractor):
+def fixup_viv(path: Path, extractor):
     """
     vivisect fixups to overcome differences between backends
     """
-    if "3b13b" in path:
+    if "3b13b" in path.name:
         # vivisect only recognizes calling thunk function at 0x10001573
         extractor.vw.makeFunction(0x10006860)
-    if "294b8d" in path:
+    if "294b8d" in path.name:
         # see vivisect/#561
         extractor.vw.makeFunction(0x404970)
 
@@ -129,10 +129,10 @@ def fixup_viv(path, extractor):
 def get_pefile_extractor(path):
     import capa.features.extractors.pefile
 
-    extractor = capa.features.extractors.pefile.PefileFeatureExtractor(path)
+    extractor = capa.features.extractors.pefile.PefileFeatureExtractor(str(path))
 
     # overload the extractor so that the fixture exposes `extractor.path`
-    setattr(extractor, "path", path)
+    setattr(extractor, "path", str(path))
 
     return extractor
 
@@ -140,10 +140,10 @@ def get_pefile_extractor(path):
 def get_dotnetfile_extractor(path):
     import capa.features.extractors.dotnetfile
 
-    extractor = capa.features.extractors.dotnetfile.DotnetFileFeatureExtractor(path)
+    extractor = capa.features.extractors.dotnetfile.DotnetFileFeatureExtractor(str(path))
 
     # overload the extractor so that the fixture exposes `extractor.path`
-    setattr(extractor, "path", path)
+    setattr(extractor, "path", str(path))
 
     return extractor
 
@@ -152,10 +152,10 @@ def get_dotnetfile_extractor(path):
 def get_dnfile_extractor(path):
     import capa.features.extractors.dnfile.extractor
 
-    extractor = capa.features.extractors.dnfile.extractor.DnfileFeatureExtractor(path)
+    extractor = capa.features.extractors.dnfile.extractor.DnfileFeatureExtractor(str(path))
 
     # overload the extractor so that the fixture exposes `extractor.path`
-    setattr(extractor, "path", path)
+    setattr(extractor, "path", str(path))
 
     return extractor
 
@@ -234,81 +234,81 @@ def extract_instruction_features(extractor, fh, bbh, ih) -> Dict[Feature, Set[Ad
 # note: to reduce the testing time it's recommended to reuse already existing test samples, if possible
 def get_data_path_by_name(name):
     if name == "mimikatz":
-        return (CD / "data" / "mimikatz.exe_").as_posix()
+        return CD / "data" / "mimikatz.exe_"
     elif name == "kernel32":
-        return (CD / "data" / "kernel32.dll_").as_posix()
+        return CD / "data" / "kernel32.dll_"
     elif name == "kernel32-64":
-        return (CD / "data" / "kernel32-64.dll_").as_posix()
+        return CD / "data" / "kernel32-64.dll_"
     elif name == "pma01-01":
-        return (CD / "data" / "Practical Malware Analysis Lab 01-01.dll_").as_posix()
+        return CD / "data" / "Practical Malware Analysis Lab 01-01.dll_"
     elif name == "pma01-01-rd":
-        return (CD / "data" / "rd" / "Practical Malware Analysis Lab 01-01.dll_.json").as_posix()
+        return CD / "data" / "rd" / "Practical Malware Analysis Lab 01-01.dll_.json"
     elif name == "pma12-04":
-        return (CD / "data" / "Practical Malware Analysis Lab 12-04.exe_").as_posix()
+        return CD / "data" / "Practical Malware Analysis Lab 12-04.exe_"
     elif name == "pma16-01":
-        return (CD / "data" / "Practical Malware Analysis Lab 16-01.exe_").as_posix()
+        return CD / "data" / "Practical Malware Analysis Lab 16-01.exe_"
     elif name == "pma21-01":
-        return (CD / "data" / "Practical Malware Analysis Lab 21-01.exe_").as_posix()
+        return CD / "data" / "Practical Malware Analysis Lab 21-01.exe_"
     elif name == "al-khaser x86":
-        return (CD / "data" / "al-khaser_x86.exe_").as_posix()
+        return CD / "data" / "al-khaser_x86.exe_"
     elif name == "al-khaser x64":
-        return (CD / "data" / "al-khaser_x64.exe_").as_posix()
+        return CD / "data" / "al-khaser_x64.exe_"
     elif name.startswith("39c05"):
-        return (CD / "data" / "39c05b15e9834ac93f206bc114d0a00c357c888db567ba8f5345da0529cbed41.dll_").as_posix()
+        return CD / "data" / "39c05b15e9834ac93f206bc114d0a00c357c888db567ba8f5345da0529cbed41.dll_"
     elif name.startswith("499c2"):
-        return (CD / "data" / "499c2a85f6e8142c3f48d4251c9c7cd6.raw32").as_posix()
+        return CD / "data" / "499c2a85f6e8142c3f48d4251c9c7cd6.raw32"
     elif name.startswith("9324d"):
-        return (CD / "data" / "9324d1a8ae37a36ae560c37448c9705a.exe_").as_posix()
+        return CD / "data" / "9324d1a8ae37a36ae560c37448c9705a.exe_"
     elif name.startswith("a1982"):
-        return (CD / "data" / "a198216798ca38f280dc413f8c57f2c2.exe_").as_posix()
+        return CD / "data" / "a198216798ca38f280dc413f8c57f2c2.exe_"
     elif name.startswith("a933a"):
-        return (CD / "data" / "a933a1a402775cfa94b6bee0963f4b46.dll_").as_posix()
+        return CD / "data" / "a933a1a402775cfa94b6bee0963f4b46.dll_"
     elif name.startswith("bfb9b"):
-        return (CD / "data" / "bfb9b5391a13d0afd787e87ab90f14f5.dll_").as_posix()
+        return CD / "data" / "bfb9b5391a13d0afd787e87ab90f14f5.dll_"
     elif name.startswith("c9188"):
-        return (CD / "data" / "c91887d861d9bd4a5872249b641bc9f9.exe_").as_posix()
+        return CD / "data" / "c91887d861d9bd4a5872249b641bc9f9.exe_"
     elif name.startswith("64d9f"):
-        return (CD / "data" / "64d9f7d96b99467f36e22fada623c3bb.dll_").as_posix()
+        return CD / "data" / "64d9f7d96b99467f36e22fada623c3bb.dll_"
     elif name.startswith("82bf6"):
-        return (CD / "data" / "82BF6347ACF15E5D883715DC289D8A2B.exe_").as_posix()
+        return CD / "data" / "82BF6347ACF15E5D883715DC289D8A2B.exe_"
     elif name.startswith("pingtaest"):
-        return (CD / "data" / "ping_täst.exe_").as_posix()
+        return CD / "data" / "ping_täst.exe_"
     elif name.startswith("77329"):
-        return (CD / "data" / "773290480d5445f11d3dc1b800728966.exe_").as_posix()
+        return CD / "data" / "773290480d5445f11d3dc1b800728966.exe_"
     elif name.startswith("3b13b"):
-        return (CD / "data" / "3b13b6f1d7cd14dc4a097a12e2e505c0a4cff495262261e2bfc991df238b9b04.dll_").as_posix()
+        return CD / "data" / "3b13b6f1d7cd14dc4a097a12e2e505c0a4cff495262261e2bfc991df238b9b04.dll_"
     elif name == "7351f.elf":
-        return (CD / "data" / "7351f8a40c5450557b24622417fc478d.elf_").as_posix()
+        return CD / "data" / "7351f8a40c5450557b24622417fc478d.elf_"
     elif name.startswith("79abd"):
-        return (CD / "data" / "79abd17391adc6251ecdc58d13d76baf.dll_").as_posix()
+        return CD / "data" / "79abd17391adc6251ecdc58d13d76baf.dll_"
     elif name.startswith("946a9"):
-        return (CD / "data" / "946a99f36a46d335dec080d9a4371940.dll_").as_posix()
+        return CD / "data" / "946a99f36a46d335dec080d9a4371940.dll_"
     elif name.startswith("2f7f5f"):
-        return (CD / "data" / "2f7f5fb5de175e770d7eae87666f9831.elf_").as_posix()
+        return CD / "data" / "2f7f5fb5de175e770d7eae87666f9831.elf_"
     elif name.startswith("b9f5b"):
-        return (CD / "data" / "b9f5bd514485fb06da39beff051b9fdc.exe_").as_posix()
+        return CD / "data" / "b9f5bd514485fb06da39beff051b9fdc.exe_"
     elif name.startswith("mixed-mode-64"):
-        return (DNFILE_TESTFILES / "mixed-mode" / "ModuleCode" / "bin" / "ModuleCode_amd64.exe").as_posix()
+        return DNFILE_TESTFILES / "mixed-mode" / "ModuleCode" / "bin" / "ModuleCode_amd64.exe"
     elif name.startswith("hello-world"):
-        return (DNFILE_TESTFILES / "hello-world" / "hello-world.exe").as_posix()
+        return DNFILE_TESTFILES / "hello-world" / "hello-world.exe"
     elif name.startswith("_1c444"):
-        return (DOTNET_DIR / "1c444ebeba24dcba8628b7dfe5fec7c6.exe_").as_posix()
+        return DOTNET_DIR / "1c444ebeba24dcba8628b7dfe5fec7c6.exe_"
     elif name.startswith("_387f15"):
-        return (DOTNET_DIR / "387f15043f0198fd3a637b0758c2b6dde9ead795c3ed70803426fc355731b173.dll_").as_posix()
+        return DOTNET_DIR / "387f15043f0198fd3a637b0758c2b6dde9ead795c3ed70803426fc355731b173.dll_"
     elif name.startswith("_692f"):
-        return (DOTNET_DIR / "692f7fd6d198e804d6af98eb9e390d61.exe_").as_posix()
+        return DOTNET_DIR / "692f7fd6d198e804d6af98eb9e390d61.exe_"
     elif name.startswith("_0953c"):
-        return (CD / "data" / "0953cc3b77ed2974b09e3a00708f88de931d681e2d0cb64afbaf714610beabe6.exe_").as_posix()
+        return CD / "data" / "0953cc3b77ed2974b09e3a00708f88de931d681e2d0cb64afbaf714610beabe6.exe_"
     elif name.startswith("_039a6"):
-        return (CD / "data" / "039a6336d0802a2255669e6867a5679c7eb83313dbc61fb1c7232147379bd304.exe_").as_posix()
+        return CD / "data" / "039a6336d0802a2255669e6867a5679c7eb83313dbc61fb1c7232147379bd304.exe_"
     elif name.startswith("b5f052"):
-        return (CD / "data" / "b5f0524e69b3a3cf636c7ac366ca57bf5e3a8fdc8a9f01caf196c611a7918a87.elf_").as_posix()
+        return CD / "data" / "b5f0524e69b3a3cf636c7ac366ca57bf5e3a8fdc8a9f01caf196c611a7918a87.elf_"
     elif name.startswith("bf7a9c"):
-        return (CD / "data" / "bf7a9c8bdfa6d47e01ad2b056264acc3fd90cf43fe0ed8deec93ab46b47d76cb.elf_").as_posix()
+        return CD / "data" / "bf7a9c8bdfa6d47e01ad2b056264acc3fd90cf43fe0ed8deec93ab46b47d76cb.elf_"
     elif name.startswith("294b8d"):
-        return (CD / "data" / "294b8db1f2702b60fb2e42fdc50c2cee6a5046112da9a5703a548a4fa50477bc.elf_").as_posix()
+        return CD / "data" / "294b8db1f2702b60fb2e42fdc50c2cee6a5046112da9a5703a548a4fa50477bc.elf_"
     elif name.startswith("2bf18d"):
-        return (CD / "data" / "2bf18d0403677378adad9001b1243211.elf_").as_posix()
+        return CD / "data" / "2bf18d0403677378adad9001b1243211.elf_"
     else:
         raise ValueError(f"unexpected sample fixture: {name}")
 
@@ -1048,6 +1048,7 @@ FEATURE_COUNT_TESTS_DOTNET = [
 
 
 def do_test_feature_presence(get_extractor, sample, scope, feature, expected):
+    print(sample)
     extractor = get_extractor(sample)
     features = scope(extractor)
     if expected:
@@ -1064,10 +1065,10 @@ def do_test_feature_count(get_extractor, sample, scope, feature, expected):
     assert len(features[feature]) == expected, msg
 
 
-def get_extractor(path):
+def get_extractor(path: Path):
     extractor = get_viv_extractor(path)
     # overload the extractor so that the fixture exposes `extractor.path`
-    setattr(extractor, "path", path)
+    setattr(extractor, "path", str(path))
     return extractor
 
 
@@ -1182,29 +1183,29 @@ def get_result_doc(path):
 
 @pytest.fixture
 def pma0101_rd():
-    return get_result_doc((CD / "data" / "rd" / "Practical Malware Analysis Lab 01-01.dll_.json").as_posix())
+    return get_result_doc(CD / "data" / "rd" / "Practical Malware Analysis Lab 01-01.dll_.json")
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
 def dotnet_1c444e_rd():
-    return get_result_doc((CD / "data" / "rd" / "1c444ebeba24dcba8628b7dfe5fec7c6.exe_.json").as_posix())
+    return get_result_doc(CD / "data" / "rd" / "1c444ebeba24dcba8628b7dfe5fec7c6.exe_.json")
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
 def a3f3bbc_rd():
-    return get_result_doc((CD / "data" / "rd" / "3f3bbcf8fd90bdcdcdc5494314ed4225.exe_.json").as_posix())
+    return get_result_doc(CD / "data" / "rd" / "3f3bbcf8fd90bdcdcdc5494314ed4225.exe_.json")
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
 def al_khaserx86_rd():
-    return get_result_doc((CD / "data" / "rd" / "al-khaser_x86.exe_.json").as_posix())
+    return get_result_doc(CD / "data" / "rd" / "al-khaser_x86.exe_.json")
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
 def al_khaserx64_rd():
-    return get_result_doc((CD / "data" / "rd" / "al-khaser_x64.exe_.json").as_posix())
+    return get_result_doc(CD / "data" / "rd" / "al-khaser_x64.exe_.json")
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
 def a076114_rd():
-    return get_result_doc((CD / "data" / "rd" / "0761142efbda6c4b1e801223de723578.dll_.json").as_posix())
+    return get_result_doc(CD / "data" / "rd" / "0761142efbda6c4b1e801223de723578.dll_.json")
diff --git a/tests/test_main.py b/tests/test_main.py
index d17e6e64..bf711e9a 100644
--- a/tests/test_main.py
+++ b/tests/test_main.py
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ def test_not_render_rules_also_matched(z9324d_extractor, capsys):
 
 
 def test_json_meta(capsys):
-    path = fixtures.get_data_path_by_name("pma01-01")
+    path = str(fixtures.get_data_path_by_name("pma01-01"))
     assert capa.main.main([path, "-j"]) == 0
     std = capsys.readouterr()
     std_json = json.loads(std.out)
@@ -470,7 +470,7 @@ def test_main_dotnet4(_039a6_dotnetfile_extractor):
 
 
 def test_main_rd():
-    path = fixtures.get_data_path_by_name("pma01-01-rd")
+    path = str(fixtures.get_data_path_by_name("pma01-01-rd"))
     assert capa.main.main([path, "-vv"]) == 0
     assert capa.main.main([path, "-v"]) == 0
     assert capa.main.main([path, "-j"]) == 0
diff --git a/tests/test_pefile_features.py b/tests/test_pefile_features.py
index e0b735e8..62c14f96 100644
--- a/tests/test_pefile_features.py
+++ b/tests/test_pefile_features.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ def test_pefile_features(sample, scope, feature, expected):
     if isinstance(feature, capa.features.file.FunctionName):
         pytest.xfail("pefile doesn't extract function names")
 
-    if ".elf" in sample:
+    if ".elf" in sample.name:
         pytest.xfail("pefile doesn't handle ELF files")
 
     fixtures.do_test_feature_presence(fixtures.get_pefile_extractor, sample, scope, feature, expected)
diff --git a/tests/test_scripts.py b/tests/test_scripts.py
index 6dfe9be3..496df577 100644
--- a/tests/test_scripts.py
+++ b/tests/test_scripts.py
@@ -19,19 +19,19 @@ CD = Path(__file__).resolve().parent
 
 
 def get_script_path(s: str):
-    return (CD / ".." / "scripts" / s).as_posix()
+    return str(CD / ".." / "scripts" / s)
 
 
 def get_file_path():
-    return (CD / "data" / "9324d1a8ae37a36ae560c37448c9705a.exe_").as_posix()
+    return str(CD / "data" / "9324d1a8ae37a36ae560c37448c9705a.exe_")
 
 
 def get_rules_path():
-    return (CD / ".." / "rules").as_posix()
+    return str(CD / ".." / "rules")
 
 
 def get_rule_path():
-    return (Path(get_rules_path()) / "lib" / "allocate-memory.yml").as_posix()
+    return str(Path(get_rules_path()) / "lib" / "allocate-memory.yml")
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ def test_bulk_process(tmp_path):
 
     dest_file.write_bytes(source_file.read_bytes())
 
-    p = run_program(get_script_path("bulk-process.py"), [t.parent.as_posix()])
+    p = run_program(get_script_path("bulk-process.py"), [str(t.parent)])
     assert p.returncode == 0