lint: replace black/isort/flake8 with ruff (#2992)

* lint: replace isort/flake8 with ruff * update ruff links * remove stale isort reference * update CHANGELOG * address review * remove unused imports * remove unnecessary list comprehension * remove quotes from type annotation * use dict.get instead of if-else block * remove unnecessary utf-8 encoding declaration * Revert "remove unused imports" This reverts commit 18ba50a22b. * skip check for unused imports * fix UP036 Version block is outdated for minimum Python version * add TODO comment for unused imports * replace black with ruff * address review comments
2026-04-28 11:53:20 -07:00 · 2026-04-07 12:10:41 -06:00
parent ac1cba74b3
commit ed7e0cd77d
52 changed files with 896 additions and 781 deletions
--- a/.devcontainer/devcontainer.json
+++ b/.devcontainer/devcontainer.json
@@ -21,10 +21,9 @@
 		"python.linting.enabled": true,
 		"python.linting.pylintEnabled": true,
 		"python.formatting.autopep8Path": "/usr/local/py-utils/bin/autopep8",
-		"python.formatting.blackPath": "/usr/local/py-utils/bin/black",
 		"python.formatting.yapfPath": "/usr/local/py-utils/bin/yapf",
 		"python.linting.banditPath": "/usr/local/py-utils/bin/bandit",
-		"python.linting.flake8Path": "/usr/local/py-utils/bin/flake8",
+		"python.linting.ruffPath": "/usr/local/py-utils/bin/ruff",
 		"python.linting.mypyPath": "/usr/local/py-utils/bin/mypy",
 		"python.linting.pycodestylePath": "/usr/local/py-utils/bin/pycodestyle",
 		"python.linting.pydocstylePath": "/usr/local/py-utils/bin/pydocstyle",
--- a/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -194,10 +194,9 @@ sign a new one.
 All Python code must adhere to the style guide used by capa: 

  1. [PEP8](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/), with clarifications from
-  2. [Willi's style guide](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1iRpeg-w4DtibwytUyC_dDT7IGhNGBP25-nQfuBa-Fyk/edit?usp=sharing), formatted with
-  3. [isort](https://pypi.org/project/isort/) (with line width 120 and ordered by line length), and formatted with
-  4. [black](https://github.com/psf/black) (with line width 120), and formatted with
-  5. [dos2unix](https://linux.die.net/man/1/dos2unix)
+  2. [Willi's style guide](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1iRpeg-w4DtibwytUyC_dDT7IGhNGBP25-nQfuBa-Fyk/edit?usp=sharing), and checked/formatted with
+  3. [ruff](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/) (with line length 120), and
+  4. [dos2unix](https://linux.die.net/man/1/dos2unix)
  
 Our CI pipeline will reformat and enforce the Python styleguide.
 
--- a/.github/flake8.ini
+++ b/.github/flake8.ini
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-[flake8]
-max-line-length = 120
-
-extend-ignore =
-    # E203: whitespace before ':'  (black does this)
-    E203,
-    # F401: `foo` imported but unused  (prefer ruff)
-    F401,
-    # F811 Redefinition of unused `foo`  (prefer ruff)
-    F811,
-    # E501 line too long  (prefer black)
-    E501,
-    # E701 multiple statements on one line (colon)  (prefer black, see https://github.com/psf/black/issues/4173)
-    E701,
-    # B010 Do not call setattr with a constant attribute value
-    B010,
-    # G200 Logging statement uses exception in arguments
-    G200,
-    # SIM102 Use a single if-statement instead of nested if-statements
-    # doesn't provide a space for commenting or logical separation of conditions
-    SIM102,
-    # SIM114 Use logical or and a single body
-    # makes logic trees too complex
-    SIM114,
-    # SIM117 Use 'with Foo, Bar:' instead of multiple with statements
-    # makes lines too long
-    SIM117
-
-per-file-ignores =
-    # T201 print found.
-    #
-    # scripts are meant to print output
-    scripts/*: T201
-    # capa.exe is meant to print output
-    capa/main.py: T201
-    # utility used to find the Binary Ninja API via invoking python.exe
-    capa/features/extractors/binja/find_binja_api.py: T201
-
-copyright-check = True
-copyright-min-file-size = 1 
-copyright-regexp = Copyright \d{4} Google LLC
--- a/.github/ruff.toml
+++ b/.github/ruff.toml
@@ -1,18 +1,6 @@
-# Enable the pycodestyle (`E`) and Pyflakes (`F`) rules by default.
-# Unlike Flake8, Ruff doesn't enable pycodestyle warnings (`W`) or
-# McCabe complexity (`C901`) by default.
-lint.select = ["E", "F"]
-
-# Allow autofix for all enabled rules (when `--fix`) is provided.
-lint.fixable = ["ALL"]
-lint.unfixable = []
-
-# E402 module level import not at top of file
-# E722 do not use bare 'except'
-# E501 line too long
-lint.ignore = ["E402", "E722", "E501"]
-
 line-length = 120
+preview = true # Required to enable pre-release copyright header checks (CPY001)
+explicit-preview-rules = true

 exclude = [
    # Exclude a variety of commonly ignored directories.
@@ -39,5 +27,77 @@ exclude = [
    "venv",
    # protobuf generated files
    "*_pb2.py", 
-    "*_pb2.pyi"
+    "*_pb2.pyi",
+    "rules"
 ]
+
+lint.select = [
+    "E",   # pycodestyle (base style rules)
+    "F",   # Pyflakes (logical/syntax errors)
+    "I",   # isort (import sorting)
+    "B",   # flake8-bugbear (common bugs/design problems)
+    "C4",  # flake8-comprehensions (simplify list/dict comprehensions)
+    "ISC", # flake8-implicit-str-concat (detect accidental multi-line string issues)
+    "T20", # flake8-print (prevent leftover print/pprint statements)
+    "SIM", # flake8-simplify (code simplification upgrades)
+    "CPY", # flake8-copyright (header requirement enforcement)
+    "G",   # flake8-logging-format (logging statement validation)
+    "TD",  # flake8-todos (TODO formatting requirements)
+    "PTH", # flake8-use-pathlib (migration from os.path to Pathlib)
+    "UP",  # pyupgrade (modern Python syntax upgrades)
+    "CPY001", # flake8-copyright
+]
+
+# Allow autofix for all enabled rules (when `--fix`) is provided.
+lint.fixable = ["ALL"]
+lint.unfixable = []
+
+# Map existing flake8 ignores to maintain strict parity
+lint.ignore = [
+    # Legacy flake8 ignores
+    "E402", # Module level import not at top of file
+    "E722", # Do not use bare except
+    "E501", # Line too long
+    "E203", # Whitespace before ':'
+    "E701", # Multiple statements on one line
+    "B010", # Do not call setattr with a constant attribute value
+    "SIM102", # Use a single if statement instead of nested if statements
+    "SIM114", # Combine if branches using logical or operator
+    
+    # Newly surfaced Ruff strictness ignores
+    "B905", # zip() without an explicit strict= parameter
+    "UP032", # Use f-string instead of format call
+    "UP031", # Use format specifiers instead of percent format
+    "SIM300", # Yoda condition detected (constant before variable)
+    "SIM108", # Use ternary operator instead of if-else block
+    "ISC003", # Explicitly concatenated string should be implicitly concatenated
+    "UP035", # Deprecated typing alias usage
+    "UP006", # Use type instead of Type for type annotation
+    "SIM115", # Use a context manager for opening files
+    "SIM118", # Use key not in dict instead of key not in dict.keys()
+    "UP024", # Replace aliased errors with OSError
+    "UP045", # Use X | None for optional type annotations
+    "SIM103", # Return negated condition directly
+    "UP007", # Use X | Y for union type annotations
+    "B904", # Raise exceptions within except clause using raise from
+    "UP028", # Replace yield over for loop with yield from
+    "C409", # Unnecessary list comprehension passed to tuple()
+    # TODO(mike-hunhoff): address circular dependencies
+    # https://github.com/mandiant/capa/issues/2996
+    "F401", # Unused imports
+]
+
+[lint.per-file-ignores]
+# T201 print found schemas for scripts and entrypoints
+"scripts/*" = ["T201"]
+"capa/main.py" = ["T201"]
+"capa/features/extractors/binja/find_binja_api.py" = ["T201"]
+"tests/conftest.py" = ["I001"] # Suppress import sorting to preserve explicit legacy fixture loading order
+"*_pb2.py" = ["ALL"] # Completely disable all formatting for auto-generated protocol buffer files
+
+[lint.flake8-copyright]
+notice-rgx = "Copyright \\d{4} Google LLC"
+min-file-size = 1
+
+[lint.isort]
+length-sort = true
--- a/.github/workflows/black-format.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/black-format.yml
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-name: black auto-format
+name: ruff auto-format

 on:
  pull_request:
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ permissions:
  contents: write

 jobs:
-  black-format:
+  ruff-format:
    # only run on dependabot PRs or manual trigger
    if: github.actor == 'dependabot[bot]' || github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch'
    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
@@ -35,13 +35,15 @@ jobs:
          pip install -r requirements.txt
          pip install -e .[dev,scripts]

-      - name: Run isort
-        run: pre-commit run isort --all-files
-
-      - name: Run black/continue
-        # black returns non-zero error code after formatting, which is what we expect
+      - name: Run ruff check --fix/continue
+        # ruff returns non-zero error code after formatting, which is what we expect
        continue-on-error: true
-        run: pre-commit run black --all-files
+        run: pre-commit run ruff --all-files
+
+      - name: Run ruff format/continue
+        # ruff format returns non-zero error code after formatting, which is what we expect
+        continue-on-error: true
+        run: pre-commit run ruff-format --all-files

      - name: Check for changes
        id: changes
@@ -58,5 +60,5 @@ jobs:
          git config user.name "${GITHUB_ACTOR}"
          git config user.email "${GITHUB_ACTOR_ID}+${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com"
          git add -A
-          git commit -m "style: auto-format with black and isort"
+          git commit -m "style: auto-format with ruff"
          git push
--- a/.github/workflows/tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
@@ -52,12 +52,8 @@ jobs:
        pip install -e .[dev,scripts]
    - name: Lint with ruff
      run: pre-commit run ruff
-    - name: Lint with isort
-      run: pre-commit run isort --show-diff-on-failure
-    - name: Lint with black
-      run: pre-commit run black --show-diff-on-failure
-    - name: Lint with flake8
-      run: pre-commit run flake8 --hook-stage manual
+    - name: Check formatting with ruff
+      run: pre-commit run ruff-format --show-diff-on-failure
    - name: Check types with mypy
      run: pre-commit run mypy --hook-stage manual
    - name: Check imports against dependencies
--- a/.justfile
+++ b/.justfile
@@ -1,15 +1,9 @@
-@isort:
-    pre-commit run isort --show-diff-on-failure --all-files
-
-@black:
-    pre-commit run black --show-diff-on-failure --all-files
+@ruff-format:
+    pre-commit run ruff-format --show-diff-on-failure --all-files

@ruff:
    pre-commit run ruff --all-files

-@flake8:
-    pre-commit run flake8 --hook-stage manual --all-files
-
@mypy:
    pre-commit run mypy --hook-stage manual --all-files

@@ -17,9 +11,7 @@
    pre-commit run deptry --hook-stage manual --all-files

@lint:
-    -just isort
-    -just black
    -just ruff
-    -just flake8
+    -just ruff-format
    -just mypy
    -just deptry
--- a/.pre-commit-config.yaml
+++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@@ -6,53 +6,31 @@
 #    ❯ pre-commit install --hook-type pre-push
 #    pre-commit installed at .git/hooks/pre-push
 #
-# run all linters liks:
+# run all linters like:
 #
 #    ❯ pre-commit run --all-files
-#    isort....................................................................Passed
-#    black....................................................................Passed
+#    ruff-format..............................................................Passed
 #    ruff.....................................................................Passed
-#    flake8...................................................................Passed
 #    mypy.....................................................................Passed
 #
 # run a single linter like:
 #
-#    ❯ pre-commit run --all-files isort
-#    isort....................................................................Passed
+#    ❯ pre-commit run --all-files ruff
+#    ruff.....................................................................Passed

 repos:
-   repo: local
-    hooks:
-    -   id: isort
-        name: isort
-        stages: [pre-commit, pre-push, manual]
-        language: system
-        entry: isort
-        args: 
-        -   "--length-sort"
-        -   "--profile"
-        -   "black"
-        -   "--line-length=120"
-        -   "--skip-glob"
-        -   "*_pb2.py"
-        -   "capa/"
-        -   "scripts/"
-        -   "tests/"
-        -   "web/rules/scripts/"
-        always_run: true
-        pass_filenames: false

 -   repo: local
    hooks:
-    -   id: black
-        name: black
+    -   id: ruff-format
+        name: ruff format
        stages: [pre-commit, pre-push, manual]
        language: system
-        entry: black
+        entry: ruff
        args: 
-        -   "--line-length=120"
-        -   "--extend-exclude"
-        -   ".*_pb2.py"
+        -   "format"
+        -   "--config"
+        -   ".github/ruff.toml"
        -   "capa/"
        -   "scripts/"
        -   "tests/"
@@ -69,6 +47,7 @@ repos:
        entry: ruff
        args: 
        -   "check"
+        -   "--fix"
        -   "--config"
        -   ".github/ruff.toml"
        -   "capa/"
@@ -78,24 +57,6 @@ repos:
        always_run: true
        pass_filenames: false

-   repo: local
-    hooks:
-    -   id: flake8
-        name: flake8
-        stages: [pre-push, manual]
-        language: system
-        entry: flake8
-        args: 
-        -   "--config"
-        -   ".github/flake8.ini"
-        -   "--extend-exclude"
-        -   "capa/render/proto/capa_pb2.py,capa/features/extractors/binexport2/binexport2_pb2.py"
-        -   "capa/"
-        -   "scripts/"
-        -   "tests/"
-        -   "web/rules/scripts/"
-        always_run: true
-        pass_filenames: false

 -   repo: local
    hooks:
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 ### capa Explorer IDA Pro plugin

 ### Development
+- replace black/isort/flake8 with ruff @mike-hunhoff #2992

 ### Raw diffs
 - [capa v9.4.0...master](https://github.com/mandiant/capa/compare/v9.4.0...master)
--- a/capa/capabilities/common.py
+++ b/capa/capabilities/common.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Copyright 2023 Google LLC
 #
 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
--- a/capa/capabilities/dynamic.py
+++ b/capa/capabilities/dynamic.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Copyright 2023 Google LLC
 #
 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
--- a/capa/capabilities/static.py
+++ b/capa/capabilities/static.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Copyright 2023 Google LLC
 #
 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
--- a/capa/engine.py
+++ b/capa/engine.py
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ class Some(Statement):
            # because we've overridden `__bool__` above.
            #
            # we can't use `if child is True` because the instance is not True.
-            success = sum([1 for child in results if bool(child) is True]) >= self.count
+            success = sum(1 for child in results if bool(child) is True) >= self.count
            return Result(success, self, results)


--- a/capa/features/extractors/binexport2/arch/intel/insn.py
+++ b/capa/features/extractors/binexport2/arch/intel/insn.py
@@ -170,12 +170,12 @@ def is_security_cookie(
    basic_block_index: int = bbi.basic_block_index
    bb: BinExport2.BasicBlock = be2.basic_block[basic_block_index]
    if flow_graph.entry_basic_block_index == basic_block_index:
-        first_addr: int = min((idx.insn_address_by_index[ir.begin_index] for ir in bb.instruction_index))
+        first_addr: int = min(idx.insn_address_by_index[ir.begin_index] for ir in bb.instruction_index)
        if instruction_address < first_addr + SECURITY_COOKIE_BYTES_DELTA:
            return True
    # or insn falls at the end before return in a terminal basic block.
    if basic_block_index not in (e.source_basic_block_index for e in flow_graph.edge):
-        last_addr: int = max((idx.insn_address_by_index[ir.end_index - 1] for ir in bb.instruction_index))
+        last_addr: int = max(idx.insn_address_by_index[ir.end_index - 1] for ir in bb.instruction_index)
        if instruction_address > last_addr - SECURITY_COOKIE_BYTES_DELTA:
            return True
    return False
--- a/capa/features/extractors/binexport2/helpers.py
+++ b/capa/features/extractors/binexport2/helpers.py
@@ -662,14 +662,10 @@ class BinExport2InstructionPatternMatcher:

    @classmethod
    def from_str(cls, patterns: str):
-        return cls(
-            [
+        return cls([
            BinExport2InstructionPattern.from_str(line)
-                for line in filter(
-                    lambda line: not line.startswith("#"), (line.strip() for line in patterns.split("\n"))
-                )
-            ]
-        )
+            for line in filter(lambda line: not line.startswith("#"), (line.strip() for line in patterns.split("\n")))
+        ])

    def match(
        self, mnemonic: str, operand_expressions: list[list[BinExport2.Expression]]
--- a/capa/features/extractors/ghidra/file.py
+++ b/capa/features/extractors/ghidra/file.py
@@ -186,7 +186,6 @@ def extract_file_function_names() -> Iterator[tuple[Feature, Address]]:
    """

    for sym in capa.features.extractors.ghidra.helpers.get_current_program().getSymbolTable().getAllSymbols(True):
-
        # .isExternal() misses more than this config for the function symbols
        if sym.getSymbolType() == SymbolType.FUNCTION and sym.getSource() == SourceType.ANALYSIS and sym.isGlobal():
            name = sym.getName()  # starts to resolve names based on Ghidra's FidDB
--- a/capa/features/extractors/ghidra/function.py
+++ b/capa/features/extractors/ghidra/function.py
@@ -26,14 +26,14 @@ from capa.features.extractors.base_extractor import FunctionHandle

 def extract_function_calls_to(fh: FunctionHandle):
    """extract callers to a function"""
-    f: "ghidra.program.database.function.FunctionDB" = fh.inner
+    f: ghidra.program.database.function.FunctionDB = fh.inner
    for ref in f.getSymbol().getReferences():
        if ref.getReferenceType().isCall():
            yield Characteristic("calls to"), AbsoluteVirtualAddress(ref.getFromAddress().getOffset())


 def extract_function_loop(fh: FunctionHandle):
-    f: "ghidra.program.database.function.FunctionDB" = fh.inner
+    f: ghidra.program.database.function.FunctionDB = fh.inner

    edges = []
    for block in SimpleBlockIterator(
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ def extract_function_loop(fh: FunctionHandle):


 def extract_recursive_call(fh: FunctionHandle):
-    f: "ghidra.program.database.function.FunctionDB" = fh.inner
+    f: ghidra.program.database.function.FunctionDB = fh.inner

    for func in f.getCalledFunctions(capa.features.extractors.ghidra.helpers.get_monitor()):
        if func.getEntryPoint().getOffset() == f.getEntryPoint().getOffset():
--- a/capa/features/extractors/vmray/call.py
+++ b/capa/features/extractors/vmray/call.py
@@ -26,14 +26,12 @@ from capa.features.extractors.base_extractor import CallHandle, ThreadHandle, Pr
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)


-VOID_PTR_NUMBER_PARAMS = frozenset(
-    {
+VOID_PTR_NUMBER_PARAMS = frozenset({
    "hKey",
    "hKeyRoot",
    "hkResult",
    "samDesired",
-    }
-)
+})


 def get_call_param_features(param: Param, ch: CallHandle) -> Iterator[tuple[Feature, Address]]:
--- a/capa/helpers.py
+++ b/capa/helpers.py
@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ def is_cache_newer_than_rule_code(cache_dir: Path) -> bool:
        return False

    latest_cache_file = max(cache_files, key=os.path.getmtime)
-    cache_timestamp = os.path.getmtime(latest_cache_file)
+    cache_timestamp = Path(latest_cache_file).stat().st_mtime

    # these are the relevant rules code files that could conflict with using an outdated cache
    # delayed import due to circular dependencies
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ def is_cache_newer_than_rule_code(cache_dir: Path) -> bool:
    import capa.rules.cache

    latest_rule_code_file = max([Path(capa.rules.__file__), Path(capa.rules.cache.__file__)], key=os.path.getmtime)
-    rule_code_timestamp = os.path.getmtime(latest_rule_code_file)
+    rule_code_timestamp = Path(latest_rule_code_file).stat().st_mtime

    if rule_code_timestamp > cache_timestamp:

--- a/capa/ida/plugin/item.py
+++ b/capa/ida/plugin/item.py
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class CapaExplorerDataItem:
        """initialize item"""
        self.pred = parent
        self._data = data
-        self._children: list["CapaExplorerDataItem"] = []
+        self._children: list[CapaExplorerDataItem] = []
        self._checked = False
        self._can_check = can_check

--- a/capa/ida/plugin/view.py
+++ b/capa/ida/plugin/view.py
@@ -785,8 +785,13 @@ class CapaExplorerRulegenEditor(QtWidgets.QTreeWidget):
    def get_features(self, selected=False, ignore=()):
        """ """
        for feature in filter(
-            lambda o: o.capa_type
-            in (CapaExplorerRulegenEditor.get_node_type_feature(), CapaExplorerRulegenEditor.get_node_type_comment()),
+            lambda o: (
+                o.capa_type
+                in (
+                    CapaExplorerRulegenEditor.get_node_type_feature(),
+                    CapaExplorerRulegenEditor.get_node_type_comment(),
+                )
+            ),
            tuple(iterate_tree(self)),
        ):
            if feature in ignore:
--- a/capa/main.py
+++ b/capa/main.py
@@ -77,7 +77,6 @@ from capa.exceptions import (
    UnsupportedOSError,
    UnsupportedArchError,
    UnsupportedFormatError,
-    UnsupportedRuntimeError,
 )
 from capa.features.common import (
    OS_AUTO,
@@ -938,9 +937,6 @@ def apply_extractor_filters(extractor: FeatureExtractor, extractor_filters: Filt


 def main(argv: Optional[list[str]] = None):
-    if sys.version_info < (3, 10):
-        raise UnsupportedRuntimeError("This version of capa can only be used with Python 3.10+")
-
    if argv is None:
        argv = sys.argv[1:]

--- a/capa/render/proto/init.py
+++ b/capa/render/proto/init.py
@@ -691,30 +691,26 @@ def static_analysis_from_pb2(analysis: capa_pb2.StaticAnalysis) -> rd.StaticAnal
        rules=tuple(analysis.rules),
        base_address=addr_from_pb2(analysis.base_address),
        layout=rd.StaticLayout(
-            functions=tuple(
-                [
+            functions=tuple([
                rd.FunctionLayout(
                    address=addr_from_pb2(f.address),
-                        matched_basic_blocks=tuple(
-                            [rd.BasicBlockLayout(address=addr_from_pb2(bb.address)) for bb in f.matched_basic_blocks]
-                        ),
+                    matched_basic_blocks=tuple([
+                        rd.BasicBlockLayout(address=addr_from_pb2(bb.address)) for bb in f.matched_basic_blocks
+                    ]),
                )
                for f in analysis.layout.functions
-                ]
-            )
+            ])
        ),
        feature_counts=rd.StaticFeatureCounts(
            file=analysis.feature_counts.file,
-            functions=tuple(
-                [
+            functions=tuple([
                rd.FunctionFeatureCount(address=addr_from_pb2(f.address), count=f.count)
                for f in analysis.feature_counts.functions
-                ]
-            ),
-        ),
-        library_functions=tuple(
-            [rd.LibraryFunction(address=addr_from_pb2(lf.address), name=lf.name) for lf in analysis.library_functions]
+            ]),
        ),
+        library_functions=tuple([
+            rd.LibraryFunction(address=addr_from_pb2(lf.address), name=lf.name) for lf in analysis.library_functions
+        ]),
    )


@@ -726,38 +722,29 @@ def dynamic_analysis_from_pb2(analysis: capa_pb2.DynamicAnalysis) -> rd.DynamicA
        extractor=analysis.extractor,
        rules=tuple(analysis.rules),
        layout=rd.DynamicLayout(
-            processes=tuple(
-                [
+            processes=tuple([
                rd.ProcessLayout(
                    address=addr_from_pb2(p.address),
                    name=p.name,
-                        matched_threads=tuple(
-                            [
+                    matched_threads=tuple([
                        rd.ThreadLayout(
                            address=addr_from_pb2(t.address),
-                                    matched_calls=tuple(
-                                        [
-                                            rd.CallLayout(address=addr_from_pb2(c.address), name=c.name)
-                                            for c in t.matched_calls
-                                        ]
-                                    ),
+                            matched_calls=tuple([
+                                rd.CallLayout(address=addr_from_pb2(c.address), name=c.name) for c in t.matched_calls
+                            ]),
                        )
                        for t in p.matched_threads
-                            ]
-                        ),
+                    ]),
                )
                for p in analysis.layout.processes
-                ]
-            )
+            ])
        ),
        feature_counts=rd.DynamicFeatureCounts(
            file=analysis.feature_counts.file,
-            processes=tuple(
-                [
+            processes=tuple([
                rd.ProcessFeatureCount(address=addr_from_pb2(p.address), count=p.count)
                for p in analysis.feature_counts.processes
-                ]
-            ),
+            ]),
        ),
    )

--- a/capa/render/result_document.py
+++ b/capa/render/result_document.py
@@ -393,7 +393,6 @@ class Match(FrozenModel):
                    )

                for location in result.locations:
-
                    # keep this in sync with the copy below
                    if isinstance(location, DynamicCallAddress):
                        if location in rule_matches:
@@ -409,15 +408,13 @@ class Match(FrozenModel):
                            #
                            # Despite the edge cases (like API hammering), this turns out to be pretty easy:
                            #  collect the most recent match (with the given name) prior to the wanted location.
-                            matches_in_thread = sorted(
-                                [
+                            matches_in_thread = sorted([
                                (a.id, m)
                                for a, m in rule_matches.items()
                                if isinstance(a, DynamicCallAddress)
                                and a.thread == location.thread
                                and a.id <= location.id
-                                ]
-                            )
+                            ])
                            if matches_in_thread:
                                _, most_recent_match = matches_in_thread[-1]
                                children.append(Match.from_capa(rules, capabilities, most_recent_match))
@@ -470,15 +467,13 @@ class Match(FrozenModel):
                                if location in rule_matches:
                                    children.append(Match.from_capa(rules, capabilities, rule_matches[location]))
                                else:
-                                    matches_in_thread = sorted(
-                                        [
+                                    matches_in_thread = sorted([
                                        (a.id, m)
                                        for a, m in rule_matches.items()
                                        if isinstance(a, DynamicCallAddress)
                                        and a.thread == location.thread
                                        and a.id <= location.id
-                                        ]
-                                    )
+                                    ])
                                    # namespace matches may not occur within the same thread as the result, so only
                                    # proceed if a match within the same thread is found
                                    if matches_in_thread:
--- a/capa/render/utils.py
+++ b/capa/render/utils.py
@@ -80,15 +80,13 @@ def capability_rules(doc: rd.ResultDocument) -> Iterator[rd.RuleMatches]:
 def maec_rules(doc: rd.ResultDocument) -> Iterator[rd.RuleMatches]:
    """enumerate 'maec' rules."""
    for rule in doc.rules.values():
-        if any(
-            [
+        if any([
            rule.meta.maec.analysis_conclusion,
            rule.meta.maec.analysis_conclusion_ov,
            rule.meta.maec.malware_family,
            rule.meta.maec.malware_category,
            rule.meta.maec.malware_category_ov,
-            ]
-        ):
+        ]):
            yield rule


--- a/capa/render/vverbose.py
+++ b/capa/render/vverbose.py
@@ -424,20 +424,19 @@ def render_rules(console: Console, doc: rd.ResultDocument):
            rows.append(("namespace", rule.meta.namespace))

        if rule.meta.maec.analysis_conclusion or rule.meta.maec.analysis_conclusion_ov:
-            rows.append(
-                (
+            rows.append((
                "maec/analysis-conclusion",
                rule.meta.maec.analysis_conclusion or rule.meta.maec.analysis_conclusion_ov,
-                )
-            )
+            ))

        if rule.meta.maec.malware_family:
            rows.append(("maec/malware-family", rule.meta.maec.malware_family))

        if rule.meta.maec.malware_category or rule.meta.maec.malware_category_ov:
-            rows.append(
-                ("maec/malware-category", rule.meta.maec.malware_category or rule.meta.maec.malware_category_ov)
-            )
+            rows.append((
+                "maec/malware-category",
+                rule.meta.maec.malware_category or rule.meta.maec.malware_category_ov,
+            ))

        rows.append(("author", ", ".join(rule.meta.authors)))

--- a/doc/installation.md
+++ b/doc/installation.md
@@ -98,10 +98,7 @@ Please install these dependencies before install capa (from source or from PyPI)
 `$ pip install -r requirements.txt`

 We use the following tools to ensure consistent code style and formatting:
-  - [black](https://github.com/psf/black) code formatter
-  - [isort](https://pypi.org/project/isort/) code formatter
-  - [ruff](https://beta.ruff.rs/docs/) code linter
-  - [flake8](https://flake8.pycqa.org/en/latest/) code linter
+  - [ruff](https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/) code linter and formatter
  - [mypy](https://mypy-lang.org/) type checking
  - [capafmt](https://github.com/mandiant/capa/blob/master/scripts/capafmt.py) rule formatter

@@ -115,17 +112,15 @@ We use [pre-commit](https://pre-commit.com/) so that its trivial to run the same
 Run all linters like:

    ❯ pre-commit run --hook-stage=manual --all-files
-    isort....................................................................Passed
-    black....................................................................Passed
+    ruff-format..............................................................Passed
    ruff.....................................................................Passed
-    flake8...................................................................Passed
    mypy.....................................................................Passed
    pytest (fast)............................................................Passed

 Or run a single linter like:

-    ❯ pre-commit run --all-files --hook-stage=manual isort
-    isort....................................................................Passed
+    ❯ pre-commit run --all-files --hook-stage=manual ruff
+    ruff.....................................................................Passed


 Importantly, you can configure pre-commit to run automatically before every commit by running:
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -133,20 +133,7 @@ dev = [
    "pytest==9.0.2",
    "pytest-sugar==1.1.1",
    "pytest-instafail==0.5.0",
-    "flake8==7.3.0",
-    "flake8-bugbear==25.11.29",
-    "flake8-encodings==0.5.1",
-    "flake8-comprehensions==3.17.0",
-    "flake8-logging-format==0.9.0",
-    "flake8-no-implicit-concat==0.3.5",
-    "flake8-print==5.0.0",
-    "flake8-todos==0.3.1",
-    "flake8-simplify==0.30.0",
-    "flake8-use-pathlib==0.3.0",
-    "flake8-copyright==0.2.4",
    "ruff==0.15.0",
-    "black==26.3.0",
-    "isort==8.0.0",
    "mypy==1.20.0",
    "mypy-protobuf==5.0.0",
    "PyGithub==2.9.0",
@@ -166,7 +153,7 @@ build = [
    # These dependencies are not used in production environments
    # and should not conflict with other libraries/tooling.
    "pyinstaller==6.19.0",
-    "setuptools==80.10.1",
+    "setuptools==82.0.1",
    "build==1.4.0"
 ]
 scripts = [
@@ -218,22 +205,10 @@ known_first_party = [
 [tool.deptry.per_rule_ignores]
 # dependencies defined but not used in the codebase
 DEP002 = [
-    "black",
    "build",
    "bump-my-version",
    "deptry",
-    "flake8",
-    "flake8-bugbear",
-    "flake8-comprehensions",
-    "flake8-copyright",
-    "flake8-encodings",
-    "flake8-logging-format",
-    "flake8-no-implicit-concat",
-    "flake8-print",
-    "flake8-simplify",
-    "flake8-todos",
-    "flake8-use-pathlib",
-    "isort",
+
    "mypy",
    "mypy-protobuf",
    "pre-commit",
--- a/requirements.txt
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ pyyaml==6.0.2
 rich==14.3.2
 ruamel-yaml==0.19.1
 ruamel-yaml-clib==0.2.14
-setuptools==80.10.1
+setuptools==82.0.1
 six==1.17.0
 sortedcontainers==2.4.0
 viv-utils==0.8.0
--- a/scripts/capa2sarif.py
+++ b/scripts/capa2sarif.py
@@ -161,21 +161,19 @@ def _sarif_boilerplate(data_meta: dict, data_rules: dict) -> Optional[dict]:
            id = data_rules[key]["meta"]["name"]

        # Append current rule
-        rules.append(
-            {
+        rules.append({
            # Default to attack identifier, fall back to MBC, mainly relevant if both are present
            "id": id,
            "name": data_rules[key]["meta"]["name"],
            "shortDescription": {"text": data_rules[key]["meta"]["name"]},
            "messageStrings": {"default": {"text": data_rules[key]["meta"]["name"]}},
            "properties": {
-                    "namespace": data_rules[key]["meta"]["namespace"] if "namespace" in data_rules[key]["meta"] else [],
+                "namespace": data_rules[key]["meta"].get("namespace", []),
                "scopes": data_rules[key]["meta"]["scopes"],
                "references": data_rules[key]["meta"]["references"],
                "lib": data_rules[key]["meta"]["lib"],
            },
-            }
-        )
+        })

    tool = Tool(
        driver=ToolComponent(
@@ -284,13 +282,11 @@ def _enumerate_evidence(node: dict, related_count: int) -> list[dict]:
            if loc["type"] != "absolute":
                continue

-            related_locations.append(
-                {
+            related_locations.append({
                "id": related_count,
                "message": {"text": label},
                "physicalLocation": {"address": {"absoluteAddress": loc["value"]}},
-                }
-            )
+            })
            related_count += 1

    if node.get("success") and node.get("node", {}).get("type") == "statement":
--- a/scripts/lint.py
+++ b/scripts/lint.py
@@ -593,8 +593,7 @@ class DuplicateFeatureUnderStatement(Lint):
    def check_rule(self, ctx: Context, rule: Rule) -> bool:
        self.violation = False
        self.recommendation = ""
-        STATEMENTS = frozenset(
-            {
+        STATEMENTS = frozenset({
            "or",
            "and",
            "not",
@@ -605,8 +604,7 @@ class DuplicateFeatureUnderStatement(Lint):
            "instruction",
            "call",
            " or more",
-            }
-        )
+        })
        # rule.statement discards the duplicate features by default so
        # need to use the rule definition to check for duplicates
        data = rule._get_ruamel_yaml_parser().load(rule.definition)
@@ -1099,7 +1097,7 @@ def lint_rule(ctx: Context, rule: Rule):
        # and ends up just producing a lot of noise.
        if not (is_nursery_rule(rule) and len(violations) == 1 and violations[0].name == "missing examples"):
            print("")
-            print(f'{"    (nursery) " if is_nursery_rule(rule) else ""} {rule.name}')
+            print(f"{'    (nursery) ' if is_nursery_rule(rule) else ''} {rule.name}")

            for violation in violations:
                print(
@@ -1112,8 +1110,10 @@ def lint_rule(ctx: Context, rule: Rule):
        lints_failed = len(
            tuple(
                filter(
-                    lambda v: v.level == Lint.FAIL
-                    and not (v.name == "missing examples" or v.name == "referenced example doesn't exist"),
+                    lambda v: (
+                        v.level == Lint.FAIL
+                        and not (v.name == "missing examples" or v.name == "referenced example doesn't exist")
+                    ),
                    violations,
                )
            )
@@ -1121,8 +1121,9 @@ def lint_rule(ctx: Context, rule: Rule):
        lints_warned = len(
            tuple(
                filter(
-                    lambda v: v.level == Lint.WARN
-                    or (v.level == Lint.FAIL and v.name == "referenced example doesn't exist"),
+                    lambda v: (
+                        v.level == Lint.WARN or (v.level == Lint.FAIL and v.name == "referenced example doesn't exist")
+                    ),
                    violations,
                )
            )
@@ -1130,7 +1131,7 @@ def lint_rule(ctx: Context, rule: Rule):

        if (not lints_failed) and (not lints_warned) and has_examples:
            print("")
-            print(f'{"    (nursery) " if is_nursery_rule(rule) else ""} {rule.name}')
+            print(f"{'    (nursery) ' if is_nursery_rule(rule) else ''} {rule.name}")
            print(f"      {Lint.WARN}: '[green]no lint failures[/green]': Graduate the rule")
            print("")
    else:
--- a/scripts/profile-memory.py
+++ b/scripts/profile-memory.py
@@ -21,13 +21,11 @@ tracemalloc.start()

 def display_top(snapshot, key_type="lineno", limit=10):
    # via: https://docs.python.org/3/library/tracemalloc.html#pretty-top
-    snapshot = snapshot.filter_traces(
-        (
+    snapshot = snapshot.filter_traces((
        tracemalloc.Filter(False, "<frozen importlib._bootstrap_external>"),
        tracemalloc.Filter(False, "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>"),
        tracemalloc.Filter(False, "<unknown>"),
-        )
-    )
+    ))
    top_stats = snapshot.statistics(key_type)

    print(f"Top {limit} lines")
@@ -47,7 +45,7 @@ def display_top(snapshot, key_type="lineno", limit=10):


 def main():
-    # import within main to keep isort happy
+    # import within main to keep ruff happy
    # while also invoking tracemalloc.start() immediately upon start.
    import io
    import os
--- a/scripts/setup-linter-dependencies.py
+++ b/scripts/setup-linter-dependencies.py
@@ -97,24 +97,20 @@ class MitreExtractor:
        """Get tactics IDs from Mitre matrix."""
        # Only one matrix for enterprise att&ck framework
        matrix = self._remove_deprecated_objects(
-            self._memory_store.query(
-                [
+            self._memory_store.query([
                Filter("type", "=", "x-mitre-matrix"),
-                ]
-            )
+            ])
        )[0]
        return list(map(self._memory_store.get, matrix["tactic_refs"]))

    def _get_techniques_from_tactic(self, tactic: str) -> list[AttackPattern]:
        """Get techniques and sub techniques from a Mitre tactic (kill_chain_phases->phase_name)"""
        techniques = self._remove_deprecated_objects(
-            self._memory_store.query(
-                [
+            self._memory_store.query([
                Filter("type", "=", "attack-pattern"),
                Filter("kill_chain_phases.phase_name", "=", tactic),
                Filter("kill_chain_phases.kill_chain_name", "=", self.kill_chain_name),
-                ]
-            )
+            ])
        )
        return techniques

@@ -122,12 +118,10 @@ class MitreExtractor:
        """Get parent technique of a sub technique using the technique ID TXXXX.YYY"""
        sub_id = technique["external_references"][0]["external_id"].split(".")[0]
        parent_technique = self._remove_deprecated_objects(
-            self._memory_store.query(
-                [
+            self._memory_store.query([
                Filter("type", "=", "attack-pattern"),
                Filter("external_references.external_id", "=", sub_id),
-                ]
-            )
+            ])
        )[0]
        return parent_technique

--- a/scripts/show-features.py
+++ b/scripts/show-features.py
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ logger = logging.getLogger("capa.show-features")


 def format_address(addr: capa.features.address.Address) -> str:
-    return v.format_address(capa.features.freeze.Address.from_capa((addr)))
+    return v.format_address(capa.features.freeze.Address.from_capa(addr))


 def main(argv=None):
--- a/scripts/show-unused-features.py
+++ b/scripts/show-unused-features.py
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ logger = logging.getLogger("show-unused-features")


 def format_address(addr: capa.features.address.Address) -> str:
-    return v.format_address(capa.features.freeze.Address.from_capa((addr)))
+    return v.format_address(capa.features.freeze.Address.from_capa(addr))


 def get_rules_feature_set(rules: capa.rules.RuleSet) -> set[Feature]:
--- a/tests/fixtures.py
+++ b/tests/fixtures.py
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ def extract_global_features(extractor):
    return features


-@lru_cache()
+@lru_cache
 def extract_file_features(extractor):
    features = collections.defaultdict(set)
    for feature, va in extractor.extract_file_features():
--- a/tests/test_binexport_accessors.py
+++ b/tests/test_binexport_accessors.py
@@ -458,7 +458,8 @@ def test_pattern_parsing():
        capture="#int",
    )

-    assert BinExport2InstructionPatternMatcher.from_str("""
+    assert (
+        BinExport2InstructionPatternMatcher.from_str("""
            # comment
            br      reg
            br      reg(not-stack)
@@ -479,7 +480,9 @@ def test_pattern_parsing():
            call    [reg * #int + #int]
            call    [reg + reg + #int]
            call    [reg + #int]
-            """).queries is not None
+            """).queries
+        is not None
+    )


 def match_address(extractor: BinExport2FeatureExtractor, queries: BinExport2InstructionPatternMatcher, address: int):
--- a/tests/test_capabilities.py
+++ b/tests/test_capabilities.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Copyright 2023 Google LLC
 #
 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
@@ -20,10 +19,10 @@ from capa.features.extractors.base_extractor import FunctionFilter


 def test_match_across_scopes_file_function(z9324d_extractor):
-    rules = capa.rules.RuleSet(
-        [
+    rules = capa.rules.RuleSet([
        # this rule should match on a function (0x4073F0)
-            capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                    rule:
                        meta:
                            name: install service
@@ -37,9 +36,11 @@ def test_match_across_scopes_file_function(z9324d_extractor):
                                - api: advapi32.OpenSCManagerA
                                - api: advapi32.CreateServiceA
                                - api: advapi32.StartServiceA
-                    """)),
+                    """)
+        ),
        # this rule should match on a file feature
-            capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                    rule:
                        meta:
                            name: .text section
@@ -50,11 +51,13 @@ def test_match_across_scopes_file_function(z9324d_extractor):
                              - 9324d1a8ae37a36ae560c37448c9705a
                        features:
                            - section: .text
-                    """)),
+                    """)
+        ),
        # this rule should match on earlier rule matches:
        #  - install service, with function scope
        #  - .text section, with file scope
-            capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                    rule:
                        meta:
                            name: .text section and install service
@@ -67,9 +70,9 @@ def test_match_across_scopes_file_function(z9324d_extractor):
                            - and:
                              - match: install service
                              - match: .text section
-                    """)),
-        ]
-    )
+                    """)
+        ),
+    ])
    capabilities = capa.capabilities.common.find_capabilities(rules, z9324d_extractor)
    assert "install service" in capabilities.matches
    assert ".text section" in capabilities.matches
@@ -77,10 +80,10 @@ def test_match_across_scopes_file_function(z9324d_extractor):


 def test_match_across_scopes(z9324d_extractor):
-    rules = capa.rules.RuleSet(
-        [
+    rules = capa.rules.RuleSet([
        # this rule should match on a basic block (including at least 0x403685)
-            capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                    rule:
                        meta:
                            name: tight loop
@@ -91,10 +94,12 @@ def test_match_across_scopes(z9324d_extractor):
                              - 9324d1a8ae37a36ae560c37448c9705a:0x403685
                        features:
                          - characteristic: tight loop
-                    """)),
+                    """)
+        ),
        # this rule should match on a function (0x403660)
        # based on API, as well as prior basic block rule match
-            capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                    rule:
                        meta:
                            name: kill thread loop
@@ -108,9 +113,11 @@ def test_match_across_scopes(z9324d_extractor):
                            - api: kernel32.TerminateThread
                            - api: kernel32.CloseHandle
                            - match: tight loop
-                    """)),
+                    """)
+        ),
        # this rule should match on a file feature and a prior function rule match
-            capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                    rule:
                        meta:
                            name: kill thread program
@@ -123,9 +130,9 @@ def test_match_across_scopes(z9324d_extractor):
                          - and:
                            - section: .text
                            - match: kill thread loop
-                    """)),
-        ]
-    )
+                    """)
+        ),
+    ])
    capabilities = capa.capabilities.common.find_capabilities(rules, z9324d_extractor)
    assert "tight loop" in capabilities.matches
    assert "kill thread loop" in capabilities.matches
@@ -133,7 +140,9 @@ def test_match_across_scopes(z9324d_extractor):


 def test_subscope_bb_rules(z9324d_extractor):
-    rules = capa.rules.RuleSet([capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+    rules = capa.rules.RuleSet([
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                    rule:
                        meta:
                            name: test rule
@@ -144,14 +153,18 @@ def test_subscope_bb_rules(z9324d_extractor):
                            - and:
                                - basic block:
                                    - characteristic: tight loop
-                    """))])
+                    """)
+        )
+    ])
    # tight loop at 0x403685
    capabilities = capa.capabilities.common.find_capabilities(rules, z9324d_extractor)
    assert "test rule" in capabilities.matches


 def test_match_specific_functions(z9324d_extractor):
-    rules = capa.rules.RuleSet([capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+    rules = capa.rules.RuleSet([
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                    rule:
                        meta:
                            name: receive data
@@ -163,7 +176,9 @@ def test_match_specific_functions(z9324d_extractor):
                        features:
                            - or:
                                - api: recv
-                    """))])
+                    """)
+        )
+    ])
    extractor = FunctionFilter(z9324d_extractor, {0x4019C0})
    capabilities = capa.capabilities.common.find_capabilities(rules, extractor)
    matches = capabilities.matches["receive data"]
@@ -174,7 +189,9 @@ def test_match_specific_functions(z9324d_extractor):


 def test_byte_matching(z9324d_extractor):
-    rules = capa.rules.RuleSet([capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+    rules = capa.rules.RuleSet([
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                    rule:
                        meta:
                            name: byte match test
@@ -184,13 +201,17 @@ def test_byte_matching(z9324d_extractor):
                        features:
                            - and:
                                - bytes: ED 24 9E F4 52 A9 07 47 55 8E E1 AB 30 8E 23 61
-                    """))])
+                    """)
+        )
+    ])
    capabilities = capa.capabilities.common.find_capabilities(rules, z9324d_extractor)
    assert "byte match test" in capabilities.matches


 def test_com_feature_matching(z395eb_extractor):
-    rules = capa.rules.RuleSet([capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+    rules = capa.rules.RuleSet([
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                    rule:
                        meta:
                            name: initialize IWebBrowser2
@@ -202,13 +223,17 @@ def test_com_feature_matching(z395eb_extractor):
                                - api: ole32.CoCreateInstance
                                - com/class: InternetExplorer #bytes: 01 DF 02 00 00 00 00 00 C0 00 00 00 00 00 00 46 = CLSID_InternetExplorer
                                - com/interface: IWebBrowser2 #bytes: 61 16 0C D3 AF CD D0 11 8A 3E 00 C0 4F C9 E2 6E = IID_IWebBrowser2
-                    """))])
+                    """)
+        )
+    ])
    capabilities = capa.main.find_capabilities(rules, z395eb_extractor)
    assert "initialize IWebBrowser2" in capabilities.matches


 def test_count_bb(z9324d_extractor):
-    rules = capa.rules.RuleSet([capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+    rules = capa.rules.RuleSet([
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                    rule:
                      meta:
                        name: count bb
@@ -219,14 +244,18 @@ def test_count_bb(z9324d_extractor):
                      features:
                        - and:
                          - count(basic blocks): 1 or more
-                    """))])
+                    """)
+        )
+    ])
    capabilities = capa.capabilities.common.find_capabilities(rules, z9324d_extractor)
    assert "count bb" in capabilities.matches


 def test_instruction_scope(z9324d_extractor):
    # .text:004071A4 68 E8 03 00 00          push    3E8h
-    rules = capa.rules.RuleSet([capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+    rules = capa.rules.RuleSet([
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                    rule:
                      meta:
                        name: push 1000
@@ -238,7 +267,9 @@ def test_instruction_scope(z9324d_extractor):
                        - and:
                          - mnemonic: push
                          - number: 1000
-                    """))])
+                    """)
+        )
+    ])
    capabilities = capa.capabilities.common.find_capabilities(rules, z9324d_extractor)
    assert "push 1000" in capabilities.matches
    assert 0x4071A4 in {result[0] for result in capabilities.matches["push 1000"]}
@@ -248,7 +279,9 @@ def test_instruction_subscope(z9324d_extractor):
    # .text:00406F60                         sub_406F60 proc near
    # [...]
    # .text:004071A4 68 E8 03 00 00          push    3E8h
-    rules = capa.rules.RuleSet([capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+    rules = capa.rules.RuleSet([
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                    rule:
                      meta:
                        name: push 1000 on i386
@@ -262,7 +295,9 @@ def test_instruction_subscope(z9324d_extractor):
                          - instruction:
                            - mnemonic: push
                            - number: 1000
-                    """))])
+                    """)
+        )
+    ])
    capabilities = capa.capabilities.common.find_capabilities(rules, z9324d_extractor)
    assert "push 1000 on i386" in capabilities.matches
    assert 0x406F60 in {result[0] for result in capabilities.matches["push 1000 on i386"]}
--- a/tests/test_dynamic_span_of_calls_scope.py
+++ b/tests/test_dynamic_span_of_calls_scope.py
@@ -368,9 +368,9 @@ def test_dynamic_span_multiple_spans_overlapping_single_event():
 def test_dynamic_span_scope_match_statements():
    extractor = get_0000a657_thread3064()

-    ruleset = capa.rules.RuleSet(
-        [
-            capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+    ruleset = capa.rules.RuleSet([
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: resolve add VEH
@@ -383,8 +383,10 @@ def test_dynamic_span_scope_match_statements():
                            - api: LdrGetDllHandle
                            - api: LdrGetProcedureAddress
                            - string: AddVectoredExceptionHandler
-                """)),
-            capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+                """)
+        ),
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: resolve remove VEH
@@ -397,8 +399,10 @@ def test_dynamic_span_scope_match_statements():
                            - api: LdrGetDllHandle
                            - api: LdrGetProcedureAddress
                            - string: RemoveVectoredExceptionHandler
-                """)),
-            capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+                """)
+        ),
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: resolve add and remove VEH
@@ -409,8 +413,10 @@ def test_dynamic_span_scope_match_statements():
                        - and:
                            - match: resolve add VEH
                            - match: resolve remove VEH
-                """)),
-            capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+                """)
+        ),
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: has VEH runtime linking
@@ -420,9 +426,9 @@ def test_dynamic_span_scope_match_statements():
                    features:
                        - and:
                            - match: linking/runtime-linking/veh
-                """)),
-        ]
-    )
+                """)
+        ),
+    ])

    capabilities = capa.capabilities.dynamic.find_dynamic_capabilities(ruleset, extractor, disable_progress=True)

--- a/tests/test_engine.py
+++ b/tests/test_engine.py
@@ -59,25 +59,34 @@ def test_some():
    assert bool(Some(2, [Number(1), Number(2), Number(3)]).evaluate({Number(0): {ADDR1}, Number(1): {ADDR1}})) is False
    assert (
        bool(
-            Some(2, [Number(1), Number(2), Number(3)]).evaluate(
-                {Number(0): {ADDR1}, Number(1): {ADDR1}, Number(2): {ADDR1}}
-            )
+            Some(2, [Number(1), Number(2), Number(3)]).evaluate({
+                Number(0): {ADDR1},
+                Number(1): {ADDR1},
+                Number(2): {ADDR1},
+            })
        )
        is True
    )
    assert (
        bool(
-            Some(2, [Number(1), Number(2), Number(3)]).evaluate(
-                {Number(0): {ADDR1}, Number(1): {ADDR1}, Number(2): {ADDR1}, Number(3): {ADDR1}}
-            )
+            Some(2, [Number(1), Number(2), Number(3)]).evaluate({
+                Number(0): {ADDR1},
+                Number(1): {ADDR1},
+                Number(2): {ADDR1},
+                Number(3): {ADDR1},
+            })
        )
        is True
    )
    assert (
        bool(
-            Some(2, [Number(1), Number(2), Number(3)]).evaluate(
-                {Number(0): {ADDR1}, Number(1): {ADDR1}, Number(2): {ADDR1}, Number(3): {ADDR1}, Number(4): {ADDR1}}
-            )
+            Some(2, [Number(1), Number(2), Number(3)]).evaluate({
+                Number(0): {ADDR1},
+                Number(1): {ADDR1},
+                Number(2): {ADDR1},
+                Number(3): {ADDR1},
+                Number(4): {ADDR1},
+            })
        )
        is True
    )
@@ -85,15 +94,21 @@ def test_some():

 def test_complex():
    assert True is bool(
-        Or([And([Number(1), Number(2)]), Or([Number(3), Some(2, [Number(4), Number(5), Number(6)])])]).evaluate(
-            {Number(5): {ADDR1}, Number(6): {ADDR1}, Number(7): {ADDR1}, Number(8): {ADDR1}}
-        )
+        Or([And([Number(1), Number(2)]), Or([Number(3), Some(2, [Number(4), Number(5), Number(6)])])]).evaluate({
+            Number(5): {ADDR1},
+            Number(6): {ADDR1},
+            Number(7): {ADDR1},
+            Number(8): {ADDR1},
+        })
    )

    assert False is bool(
-        Or([And([Number(1), Number(2)]), Or([Number(3), Some(2, [Number(4), Number(5)])])]).evaluate(
-            {Number(5): {ADDR1}, Number(6): {ADDR1}, Number(7): {ADDR1}, Number(8): {ADDR1}}
-        )
+        Or([And([Number(1), Number(2)]), Or([Number(3), Some(2, [Number(4), Number(5)])])]).evaluate({
+            Number(5): {ADDR1},
+            Number(6): {ADDR1},
+            Number(7): {ADDR1},
+            Number(8): {ADDR1},
+        })
    )


--- a/tests/test_freeze_dynamic.py
+++ b/tests/test_freeze_dynamic.py
@@ -106,9 +106,9 @@ def test_null_feature_extractor():
        DynamicCallAddress(thread=ThreadAddress(ProcessAddress(pid=1), tid=1), id=2),
    ]

-    rules = capa.rules.RuleSet(
-        [
-            capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+    rules = capa.rules.RuleSet([
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                    rule:
                        meta:
                            name: create file
@@ -118,9 +118,9 @@ def test_null_feature_extractor():
                        features:
                            - and:
                                - api: CreateFile
-                    """)),
-        ]
-    )
+                    """)
+        ),
+    ])
    capabilities = capa.main.find_capabilities(rules, EXTRACTOR)
    assert "create file" in capabilities.matches

--- a/tests/test_freeze_static.py
+++ b/tests/test_freeze_static.py
@@ -86,9 +86,9 @@ def test_null_feature_extractor():
        AbsoluteVirtualAddress(0x401002),
    ]

-    rules = capa.rules.RuleSet(
-        [
-            capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+    rules = capa.rules.RuleSet([
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                    rule:
                        meta:
                            name: xor loop
@@ -100,9 +100,9 @@ def test_null_feature_extractor():
                                - characteristic: tight loop
                                - mnemonic: xor
                                - characteristic: nzxor
-                    """)),
-        ]
-    )
+                    """)
+        ),
+    ])
    capabilities = capa.main.find_capabilities(rules, EXTRACTOR)
    assert "xor loop" in capabilities.matches

--- a/tests/test_main.py
+++ b/tests/test_main.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Copyright 2020 Google LLC
 #
 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
@@ -54,14 +53,12 @@ def test_main_single_rule(z9324d_extractor, tmpdir):
    rule_file = tmpdir.mkdir("capa").join("rule.yml")
    rule_file.write(RULE_CONTENT)
    assert (
-        capa.main.main(
-            [
+        capa.main.main([
            path,
            "-v",
            "-r",
            rule_file.strpath,
-            ]
-        )
+        ])
        == 0
    )

@@ -96,9 +93,9 @@ def test_main_shellcode(z499c2_extractor):


 def test_ruleset():
-    rules = capa.rules.RuleSet(
-        [
-            capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+    rules = capa.rules.RuleSet([
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                    rule:
                        meta:
                            name: file rule
@@ -107,8 +104,10 @@ def test_ruleset():
                                dynamic: process
                        features:
                          - characteristic: embedded pe
-                    """)),
-            capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+                    """)
+        ),
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                    rule:
                        meta:
                            name: function rule
@@ -117,8 +116,10 @@ def test_ruleset():
                                dynamic: process
                        features:
                          - characteristic: tight loop
-                    """)),
-            capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+                    """)
+        ),
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                    rule:
                        meta:
                            name: basic block rule
@@ -127,8 +128,10 @@ def test_ruleset():
                                dynamic: process
                        features:
                          - characteristic: nzxor
-                    """)),
-            capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+                    """)
+        ),
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                    rule:
                        meta:
                            name: process rule
@@ -137,8 +140,10 @@ def test_ruleset():
                                dynamic: process
                        features:
                          - string: "explorer.exe"
-                    """)),
-            capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+                    """)
+        ),
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                        rule:
                            meta:
                                name: thread rule
@@ -147,8 +152,10 @@ def test_ruleset():
                                    dynamic: thread
                            features:
                              - api: RegDeleteKey
-                        """)),
-            capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+                        """)
+        ),
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                    rule:
                        meta:
                            name: test call subscope
@@ -160,8 +167,10 @@ def test_ruleset():
                            - string: "explorer.exe"
                            - call:
                              - api: HttpOpenRequestW
-                    """)),
-            capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+                    """)
+        ),
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                    rule:
                        meta:
                            name: test rule
@@ -179,9 +188,9 @@ def test_ruleset():
                            - number: 6 = IPPROTO_TCP
                            - number: 1 = SOCK_STREAM
                            - number: 2 = AF_INET
-                    """)),
-        ]
-    )
+                    """)
+        ),
+    ])
    assert len(rules.file_rules) == 2
    assert len(rules.function_rules) == 2
    assert len(rules.basic_block_rules) == 2
@@ -292,7 +301,8 @@ def test_main_cape1(tmp_path):
    # https://github.com/mandiant/capa/pull/1696
    rules = tmp_path / "rules"
    rules.mkdir()
-    (rules / "create-or-open-registry-key.yml").write_text(textwrap.dedent("""
+    (rules / "create-or-open-registry-key.yml").write_text(
+        textwrap.dedent("""
        rule:
          meta:
            name: create or open registry key
@@ -322,7 +332,8 @@ def test_main_cape1(tmp_path):
              - api: SHRegOpenUSKey
              - api: SHRegCreateUSKey
              - api: RtlCreateRegistryKey
-    """))
+    """)
+    )

    assert capa.main.main([str(path), "-r", str(rules)]) == 0
    assert capa.main.main([str(path), "-q", "-r", str(rules)]) == 0
--- a/tests/test_match.py
+++ b/tests/test_match.py
@@ -208,7 +208,8 @@ def test_match_adds_matched_rule_feature():
 def test_match_matched_rules():
    """show that using `match` adds a feature for matched rules."""
    rules = [
-        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: test rule1
@@ -217,8 +218,10 @@ def test_match_matched_rules():
                            dynamic: process
                    features:
                        - number: 100
-                """)),
-        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+                """)
+        ),
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: test rule2
@@ -227,7 +230,8 @@ def test_match_matched_rules():
                            dynamic: process
                    features:
                        - match: test rule1
-                """)),
+                """)
+        ),
    ]

    features, _ = match(
@@ -251,7 +255,8 @@ def test_match_matched_rules():

 def test_match_namespace():
    rules = [
-        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: CreateFile API
@@ -261,8 +266,10 @@ def test_match_namespace():
                        namespace: file/create/CreateFile
                    features:
                        - api: CreateFile
-                """)),
-        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+                """)
+        ),
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: WriteFile API
@@ -272,8 +279,10 @@ def test_match_namespace():
                        namespace: file/write
                    features:
                        - api: WriteFile
-                """)),
-        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+                """)
+        ),
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: file-create
@@ -282,8 +291,10 @@ def test_match_namespace():
                            dynamic: process
                    features:
                        - match: file/create
-                """)),
-        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+                """)
+        ),
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: filesystem-any
@@ -292,7 +303,8 @@ def test_match_namespace():
                            dynamic: process
                    features:
                        - match: file
-                """)),
+                """)
+        ),
    ]

    features, matches = match(
@@ -319,7 +331,8 @@ def test_match_namespace():

 def test_match_substring():
    rules = [
-        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: test rule
@@ -329,7 +342,8 @@ def test_match_substring():
                    features:
                        - and:
                            - substring: abc
-                """)),
+                """)
+        ),
    ]
    features, _ = match(
        capa.rules.topologically_order_rules(rules),
@@ -369,7 +383,8 @@ def test_match_substring():

 def test_match_regex():
    rules = [
-        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: test rule
@@ -379,8 +394,10 @@ def test_match_regex():
                    features:
                        - and:
                            - string: /.*bbbb.*/
-                """)),
-        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+                """)
+        ),
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: rule with implied wildcards
@@ -390,8 +407,10 @@ def test_match_regex():
                    features:
                        - and:
                            - string: /bbbb/
-                """)),
-        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+                """)
+        ),
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: rule with anchor
@@ -401,7 +420,8 @@ def test_match_regex():
                    features:
                        - and:
                            - string: /^bbbb/
-                """)),
+                """)
+        ),
    ]
    features, _ = match(
        capa.rules.topologically_order_rules(rules),
@@ -436,7 +456,8 @@ def test_match_regex():

 def test_match_regex_ignorecase():
    rules = [
-        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: test rule
@@ -446,7 +467,8 @@ def test_match_regex_ignorecase():
                    features:
                        - and:
                            - string: /.*bbbb.*/i
-                """)),
+                """)
+        ),
    ]
    features, _ = match(
        capa.rules.topologically_order_rules(rules),
@@ -458,7 +480,8 @@ def test_match_regex_ignorecase():

 def test_match_regex_complex():
    rules = [
-        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent(r"""
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent(r"""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: test rule
@@ -468,7 +491,8 @@ def test_match_regex_complex():
                    features:
                        - or:
                            - string: /.*HARDWARE\\Key\\key with spaces\\.*/i
-                """)),
+                """)
+        ),
    ]
    features, _ = match(
        capa.rules.topologically_order_rules(rules),
@@ -480,7 +504,8 @@ def test_match_regex_complex():

 def test_match_regex_values_always_string():
    rules = [
-        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: test rule
@@ -491,7 +516,8 @@ def test_match_regex_values_always_string():
                        - or:
                            - string: /123/
                            - string: /0x123/
-                """)),
+                """)
+        ),
    ]
    features, _ = match(
        capa.rules.topologically_order_rules(rules),
--- a/tests/test_os_detection.py
+++ b/tests/test_os_detection.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Copyright 2022 Google LLC
 #
 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
@@ -110,8 +109,7 @@ def test_elf_parse_capa_pyinstaller_header():
    # compressed ELF header of capa-v5.1.0-linux
    #  SHA256 e16974994914466647e24cdcfb6a6f8710297a4def21525e53f73c72c4b52fcf
    elf_header = zlib.decompress(
-        b"".join(
-            [
+        b"".join([
            b"\x78\x9c\x8d\x56\x4f\x88\x1c\xd5\x13\xae\x1d\x35\x0a\x7a\x58\x65",
            b"\xd1\xa0\x9b\xb0\x82\x11\x14\x67\x63\xd6\xcd\x26\xf1\xf0\x63\x49",
            b"\xdc\xc4\xc8\x26\x98\x7f\x07\x89\xa4\xed\xe9\x7e\x6f\xa6\x99\xd7",
@@ -180,7 +178,6 @@ def test_elf_parse_capa_pyinstaller_header():
            b"\xda\x47\xab\xd2\xf4\xc8\x27\xed\x9f\xa4\x7d\x42\xab\x05\x38\xb6",
            b"\x7c\xfc\xf0\x91\x68\x6e\x76\x6e\x76\xff\x68\x7d\x60\xb4\xda\x37",
            b"\x3f\x5a\x3e\x35\x5a\x35\x30\x5c\xc3\x4d\x95\x6e\xa4\x60",
-            ]
-        )
+        ])
    )
    assert capa.features.extractors.elf.detect_elf_os(io.BytesIO(elf_header)) == "linux"
--- a/tests/test_render.py
+++ b/tests/test_render.py
@@ -57,7 +57,8 @@ def test_render_meta_attack():
    subtechnique = "Windows Service"
    canonical = "{:s}::{:s}::{:s} [{:s}]".format(tactic, technique, subtechnique, id)

-    rule = textwrap.dedent("""
+    rule = textwrap.dedent(
+        """
        rule:
          meta:
            name: test rule
@@ -70,7 +71,8 @@ def test_render_meta_attack():
              - {:s}
          features:
            - number: 1
-        """.format(canonical))
+        """.format(canonical)
+    )
    r = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(rule)
    rule_meta = capa.render.result_document.RuleMetadata.from_capa(r)
    attack = rule_meta.attack[0]
@@ -91,7 +93,8 @@ def test_render_meta_mbc():
    method = "Heavens Gate"
    canonical = "{:s}::{:s}::{:s} [{:s}]".format(objective, behavior, method, id)

-    rule = textwrap.dedent("""
+    rule = textwrap.dedent(
+        """
        rule:
          meta:
            name: test rule
@@ -104,7 +107,8 @@ def test_render_meta_mbc():
              - {:s}
          features:
            - number: 1
-        """.format(canonical))
+        """.format(canonical)
+    )
    r = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(rule)
    rule_meta = capa.render.result_document.RuleMetadata.from_capa(r)
    mbc = rule_meta.mbc[0]
@@ -122,7 +126,8 @@ def test_render_meta_maec():
    malware_category = "downloader"
    analysis_conclusion = "malicious"

-    rule_yaml = textwrap.dedent("""
+    rule_yaml = textwrap.dedent(
+        """
        rule:
          meta:
            name: test rule
@@ -136,7 +141,8 @@ def test_render_meta_maec():
            maec/analysis-conclusion: {:s}
          features:
            - number: 1
-        """.format(malware_family, malware_category, analysis_conclusion))
+        """.format(malware_family, malware_category, analysis_conclusion)
+    )
    rule = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(rule_yaml)
    rm = capa.render.result_document.RuleMatches(
        meta=capa.render.result_document.RuleMetadata.from_capa(rule),
--- a/tests/test_rule_cache.py
+++ b/tests/test_rule_cache.py
@@ -22,7 +22,8 @@ import capa.rules
 import capa.helpers
 import capa.rules.cache

-R1 = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+R1 = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+    textwrap.dedent("""
    rule:
        meta:
            name: test rule
@@ -38,9 +39,11 @@ R1 = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
            - and:
                - number: 1
                - number: 2
-    """))
+    """)
+)

-R2 = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+R2 = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+    textwrap.dedent("""
    rule:
        meta:
            name: test rule 2
@@ -56,7 +59,8 @@ R2 = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
            - and:
                - number: 3
                - number: 4
-    """))
+    """)
+)


 def test_ruleset_cache_ids():
--- a/tests/test_rules.py
+++ b/tests/test_rules.py
@@ -149,7 +149,8 @@ def test_rule_descriptions():
 def test_invalid_rule_statement_descriptions():
    # statements can only have one description
    with pytest.raises(capa.rules.InvalidRule):
-        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                  meta:
                    name: test rule
@@ -161,7 +162,8 @@ def test_invalid_rule_statement_descriptions():
                      - number: 1 = This is the number 1
                      - description: description
                      - description: another description (invalid)
-                """))
+                """)
+        )


 def test_empty_yaml_raises_invalid_rule():
@@ -267,7 +269,8 @@ def test_rule_yaml_count_string():

 def test_invalid_rule_feature():
    with pytest.raises(capa.rules.InvalidRule):
-        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: test rule
@@ -276,10 +279,12 @@ def test_invalid_rule_feature():
                            dynamic: process
                    features:
                        - foo: true
-                """))
+                """)
+        )

    with pytest.raises(capa.rules.InvalidRule):
-        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: test rule
@@ -288,10 +293,12 @@ def test_invalid_rule_feature():
                            dynamic: process
                    features:
                        - characteristic: nzxor
-                """))
+                """)
+        )

    with pytest.raises(capa.rules.InvalidRule):
-        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: test rule
@@ -300,10 +307,12 @@ def test_invalid_rule_feature():
                            dynamic: thread
                    features:
                        - characteristic: embedded pe
-                """))
+                """)
+        )

    with pytest.raises(capa.rules.InvalidRule):
-        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: test rule
@@ -312,11 +321,13 @@ def test_invalid_rule_feature():
                            dynamic: thread
                    features:
                        - characteristic: embedded pe
-                """))
+                """)
+        )


 def test_multi_scope_rules_features():
-    _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+    _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+        textwrap.dedent("""
            rule:
                meta:
                    name: test rule
@@ -330,9 +341,11 @@ def test_multi_scope_rules_features():
                            - os: linux
                            - mnemonic: syscall
                            - number: 1 = write
-            """))
+            """)
+    )

-    _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+    _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+        textwrap.dedent("""
            rule:
                meta:
                    name: test rule
@@ -346,9 +359,11 @@ def test_multi_scope_rules_features():
                            - os: linux
                            - mnemonic: syscall
                            - number: 0 = read
-            """))
+            """)
+    )

-    _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+    _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+        textwrap.dedent("""
            rule:
              meta:
                name: test rule
@@ -366,12 +381,14 @@ def test_multi_scope_rules_features():
                  - number: 6 = IPPROTO_TCP
                  - number: 1 = SOCK_STREAM
                  - number: 2 = AF_INET
-            """))
+            """)
+    )


 def test_rules_flavor_filtering():
    rules = [
-        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: static rule
@@ -380,8 +397,10 @@ def test_rules_flavor_filtering():
                            dynamic: unsupported
                    features:
                        - api: CreateFileA
-                """)),
-        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+                """)
+        ),
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: dynamic rule
@@ -390,7 +409,8 @@ def test_rules_flavor_filtering():
                            dynamic: thread
                    features:
                        - api: CreateFileA
-                """)),
+                """)
+        ),
    ]

    static_rules = capa.rules.RuleSet([r for r in rules if r.scopes.static is not None])
@@ -408,7 +428,8 @@ def test_meta_scope_keywords():

    for static_scope in static_scopes:
        for dynamic_scope in dynamic_scopes:
-            _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent(f"""
+            _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+                textwrap.dedent(f"""
                    rule:
                        meta:
                            name: test rule
@@ -418,11 +439,13 @@ def test_meta_scope_keywords():
                        features:
                            - or:
                                - format: pe
-                    """))
+                    """)
+            )

    # its also ok to specify "unsupported"
    for static_scope in static_scopes:
-        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent(f"""
+        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent(f"""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: test rule
@@ -432,9 +455,11 @@ def test_meta_scope_keywords():
                    features:
                        - or:
                            - format: pe
-                """))
+                """)
+        )
    for dynamic_scope in dynamic_scopes:
-        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent(f"""
+        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent(f"""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: test rule
@@ -444,11 +469,13 @@ def test_meta_scope_keywords():
                    features:
                        - or:
                            - format: pe
-                """))
+                """)
+        )

    # but at least one scope must be specified
    with pytest.raises(capa.rules.InvalidRule):
-        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: test rule
@@ -456,9 +483,11 @@ def test_meta_scope_keywords():
                    features:
                        - or:
                            - format: pe
-                """))
+                """)
+        )
    with pytest.raises(capa.rules.InvalidRule):
-        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: test rule
@@ -468,20 +497,22 @@ def test_meta_scope_keywords():
                    features:
                        - or:
                            - format: pe
-                """))
+                """)
+        )


 def test_subscope_same_as_scope():
-    static_scopes = sorted(
-        [e.value for e in capa.rules.STATIC_SCOPES if e not in (capa.rules.Scope.FILE, capa.rules.Scope.GLOBAL)]
-    )
-    dynamic_scopes = sorted(
-        [e.value for e in capa.rules.DYNAMIC_SCOPES if e not in (capa.rules.Scope.FILE, capa.rules.Scope.GLOBAL)]
-    )
+    static_scopes = sorted([
+        e.value for e in capa.rules.STATIC_SCOPES if e not in (capa.rules.Scope.FILE, capa.rules.Scope.GLOBAL)
+    ])
+    dynamic_scopes = sorted([
+        e.value for e in capa.rules.DYNAMIC_SCOPES if e not in (capa.rules.Scope.FILE, capa.rules.Scope.GLOBAL)
+    ])

    for static_scope in static_scopes:
        for dynamic_scope in dynamic_scopes:
-            _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent(f"""
+            _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+                textwrap.dedent(f"""
                    rule:
                        meta:
                            name: test rule
@@ -494,13 +525,14 @@ def test_subscope_same_as_scope():
                                    - format: pe
                                - {dynamic_scope}:
                                    - format: pe
-                    """))
+                    """)
+            )


 def test_lib_rules():
-    rules = capa.rules.RuleSet(
-        [
-            capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+    rules = capa.rules.RuleSet([
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                    rule:
                        meta:
                            name: a lib rule
@@ -510,8 +542,10 @@ def test_lib_rules():
                            lib: true
                        features:
                            - api: CreateFileA
-                    """)),
-            capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+                    """)
+        ),
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                    rule:
                        meta:
                            name: a standard rule
@@ -521,17 +555,17 @@ def test_lib_rules():
                            lib: false
                        features:
                            - api: CreateFileW
-                    """)),
-        ]
-    )
+                    """)
+        ),
+    ])
    # lib rules are added to the rule set
    assert len(rules.function_rules) == 2


 def test_subscope_rules():
-    rules = capa.rules.RuleSet(
-        [
-            capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+    rules = capa.rules.RuleSet([
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                    rule:
                        meta:
                            name: test function subscope
@@ -545,8 +579,10 @@ def test_subscope_rules():
                                    - and:
                                        - characteristic: nzxor
                                        - characteristic: loop
-                    """)),
-            capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+                    """)
+        ),
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                    rule:
                        meta:
                            name: test process subscope
@@ -559,8 +595,10 @@ def test_subscope_rules():
                                - process:
                                    - and:
                                        - substring: "http://"
-                    """)),
-            capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+                    """)
+        ),
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                    rule:
                        meta:
                            name: test thread subscope
@@ -572,8 +610,10 @@ def test_subscope_rules():
                                 - string: "explorer.exe"
                                 - thread:
                                    - api: HttpOpenRequestW
-                    """)),
-            capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+                    """)
+        ),
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                    rule:
                      meta:
                        name: test call subscope
@@ -585,9 +625,9 @@ def test_subscope_rules():
                          - string: "explorer.exe"
                          - call:
                            - api: HttpOpenRequestW
-                    """)),
-        ]
-    )
+                    """)
+        ),
+    ])
    # the file rule scope will have four rules:
    # - `test function subscope`, `test process subscope` and
    # `test thread subscope` for the static scope
@@ -614,9 +654,9 @@ def test_subscope_rules():

 def test_duplicate_rules():
    with pytest.raises(capa.rules.InvalidRule):
-        _ = capa.rules.RuleSet(
-            [
-                capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+        _ = capa.rules.RuleSet([
+            capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+                textwrap.dedent("""
                        rule:
                            meta:
                                name: rule-name
@@ -625,8 +665,10 @@ def test_duplicate_rules():
                                    dynamic: process
                            features:
                                - api: CreateFileA
-                        """)),
-                capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+                        """)
+            ),
+            capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+                textwrap.dedent("""
                        rule:
                            meta:
                                name: rule-name
@@ -635,16 +677,16 @@ def test_duplicate_rules():
                                    dynamic: process
                            features:
                                - api: CreateFileW
-                        """)),
-            ]
-        )
+                        """)
+            ),
+        ])


 def test_missing_dependency():
    with pytest.raises(capa.rules.InvalidRule):
-        _ = capa.rules.RuleSet(
-            [
-                capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+        _ = capa.rules.RuleSet([
+            capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+                textwrap.dedent("""
                        rule:
                            meta:
                                name: dependent rule
@@ -653,14 +695,15 @@ def test_missing_dependency():
                                    dynamic: process
                            features:
                                - match: missing rule
-                        """)),
-            ]
-        )
+                        """)
+            ),
+        ])


 def test_invalid_rules():
    with pytest.raises(capa.rules.InvalidRule):
-        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: test rule
@@ -669,10 +712,12 @@ def test_invalid_rules():
                            dynamic: process
                    features:
                        - characteristic: number(1)
-                """))
+                """)
+        )

    with pytest.raises(capa.rules.InvalidRule):
-        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: test rule
@@ -681,11 +726,13 @@ def test_invalid_rules():
                            dynamic: process
                    features:
                        - characteristic: count(number(100))
-                """))
+                """)
+        )

    # att&ck and mbc must be lists
    with pytest.raises(capa.rules.InvalidRule):
-        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: test rule
@@ -695,9 +742,11 @@ def test_invalid_rules():
                        att&ck: Tactic::Technique::Subtechnique [Identifier]
                    features:
                        - number: 1
-                """))
+                """)
+        )
    with pytest.raises(capa.rules.InvalidRule):
-        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: test rule
@@ -707,9 +756,11 @@ def test_invalid_rules():
                        mbc: Objective::Behavior::Method [Identifier]
                    features:
                        - number: 1
-                """))
+                """)
+        )
    with pytest.raises(capa.rules.InvalidRule):
-        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: test rule
@@ -718,9 +769,11 @@ def test_invalid_rules():
                            behavior: process
                    features:
                        - number: 1
-                """))
+                """)
+        )
    with pytest.raises(capa.rules.InvalidRule):
-        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: test rule
@@ -729,9 +782,11 @@ def test_invalid_rules():
                            dynamic: process
                    features:
                        - number: 1
-                """))
+                """)
+        )
    with pytest.raises(capa.rules.InvalidRule):
-        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: test rule
@@ -740,9 +795,11 @@ def test_invalid_rules():
                            dynamic: process
                    features:
                        - number: 1
-                """))
+                """)
+        )
    with pytest.raises(capa.rules.InvalidRule):
-        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: test rule
@@ -751,7 +808,8 @@ def test_invalid_rules():
                            dynamic: function
                    features:
                        - number: 1
-                """))
+                """)
+        )


 def test_number_symbol():
@@ -828,7 +886,8 @@ def test_count_api():

 def test_invalid_number():
    with pytest.raises(capa.rules.InvalidRule):
-        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: test rule
@@ -837,10 +896,12 @@ def test_invalid_number():
                            dynamic: process
                    features:
                        - number: "this is a string"
-                """))
+                """)
+        )

    with pytest.raises(capa.rules.InvalidRule):
-        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: test rule
@@ -849,10 +910,12 @@ def test_invalid_number():
                            dynamic: process
                    features:
                        - number: 2=
-                """))
+                """)
+        )

    with pytest.raises(capa.rules.InvalidRule):
-        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: test rule
@@ -861,7 +924,8 @@ def test_invalid_number():
                            dynamic: process
                    features:
                        - number: symbol name = 2
-                """))
+                """)
+        )


 def test_offset_symbol():
@@ -913,7 +977,8 @@ def test_count_offset_symbol():

 def test_invalid_offset():
    with pytest.raises(capa.rules.InvalidRule):
-        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: test rule
@@ -922,10 +987,12 @@ def test_invalid_offset():
                            dynamic: process
                    features:
                        - offset: "this is a string"
-                """))
+                """)
+        )

    with pytest.raises(capa.rules.InvalidRule):
-        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: test rule
@@ -934,10 +1001,12 @@ def test_invalid_offset():
                            dynamic: process
                    features:
                        - offset: 2=
-                """))
+                """)
+        )

    with pytest.raises(capa.rules.InvalidRule):
-        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: test rule
@@ -946,12 +1015,14 @@ def test_invalid_offset():
                            dynamic: process
                    features:
                        - offset: symbol name = 2
-                """))
+                """)
+        )


 def test_invalid_string_values_int():
    with pytest.raises(capa.rules.InvalidRule):
-        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: test rule
@@ -960,10 +1031,12 @@ def test_invalid_string_values_int():
                            dynamic: process
                    features:
                        - string: 123
-                """))
+                """)
+        )

    with pytest.raises(capa.rules.InvalidRule):
-        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: test rule
@@ -972,7 +1045,8 @@ def test_invalid_string_values_int():
                            dynamic: process
                    features:
                        - string: 0x123
-                """))
+                """)
+        )


 def test_explicit_string_values_int():
@@ -1054,9 +1128,9 @@ def test_substring_description():


 def test_filter_rules():
-    rules = capa.rules.RuleSet(
-        [
-            capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+    rules = capa.rules.RuleSet([
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                    rule:
                        meta:
                            name: rule 1
@@ -1067,8 +1141,10 @@ def test_filter_rules():
                              - joe
                        features:
                            - api: CreateFile
-                    """)),
-            capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+                    """)
+        ),
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                    rule:
                        meta:
                            name: rule 2
@@ -1077,18 +1153,18 @@ def test_filter_rules():
                                dynamic: process
                        features:
                            - string: joe
-                    """)),
-        ]
-    )
+                    """)
+        ),
+    ])
    rules = rules.filter_rules_by_meta("joe")
    assert len(rules) == 1
    assert "rule 1" in rules.rules


 def test_filter_rules_dependencies():
-    rules = capa.rules.RuleSet(
-        [
-            capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+    rules = capa.rules.RuleSet([
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                    rule:
                        meta:
                            name: rule 1
@@ -1097,8 +1173,10 @@ def test_filter_rules_dependencies():
                                dynamic: process
                        features:
                            - match: rule 2
-                    """)),
-            capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+                    """)
+        ),
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                    rule:
                        meta:
                            name: rule 2
@@ -1107,8 +1185,10 @@ def test_filter_rules_dependencies():
                                dynamic: process
                        features:
                            - match: rule 3
-                    """)),
-            capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+                    """)
+        ),
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                    rule:
                        meta:
                            name: rule 3
@@ -1117,9 +1197,9 @@ def test_filter_rules_dependencies():
                                dynamic: process
                        features:
                            - api: CreateFile
-                    """)),
-        ]
-    )
+                    """)
+        ),
+    ])
    rules = rules.filter_rules_by_meta("rule 1")
    assert len(rules.rules) == 3
    assert "rule 1" in rules.rules
@@ -1129,9 +1209,9 @@ def test_filter_rules_dependencies():

 def test_filter_rules_missing_dependency():
    with pytest.raises(capa.rules.InvalidRule):
-        capa.rules.RuleSet(
-            [
-                capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+        capa.rules.RuleSet([
+            capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+                textwrap.dedent("""
                        rule:
                            meta:
                                name: rule 1
@@ -1142,14 +1222,15 @@ def test_filter_rules_missing_dependency():
                                  - joe
                            features:
                                - match: rule 2
-                        """)),
-            ]
-        )
+                        """)
+            ),
+        ])


 def test_rules_namespace_dependencies():
    rules = [
-        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: rule 1
@@ -1159,8 +1240,10 @@ def test_rules_namespace_dependencies():
                        namespace: ns1/nsA
                    features:
                        - api: CreateFile
-                """)),
-        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+                """)
+        ),
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: rule 2
@@ -1170,8 +1253,10 @@ def test_rules_namespace_dependencies():
                        namespace: ns1/nsB
                    features:
                        - api: CreateFile
-                """)),
-        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+                """)
+        ),
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: rule 3
@@ -1180,8 +1265,10 @@ def test_rules_namespace_dependencies():
                            dynamic: process
                    features:
                        - match: ns1/nsA
-                """)),
-        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+                """)
+        ),
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: rule 4
@@ -1190,7 +1277,8 @@ def test_rules_namespace_dependencies():
                            dynamic: process
                    features:
                        - match: ns1
-                """)),
+                """)
+        ),
    ]

    r3 = {r.name for r in capa.rules.get_rules_and_dependencies(rules, "rule 3")}
@@ -1281,7 +1369,8 @@ def test_arch_features():


 def test_property_access():
-    r = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+    r = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+        textwrap.dedent("""
            rule:
                meta:
                    name: test rule
@@ -1290,7 +1379,8 @@ def test_property_access():
                        dynamic: process
                features:
                    - property/read: System.IO.FileInfo::Length
-            """))
+            """)
+    )
    assert bool(r.evaluate({Property("System.IO.FileInfo::Length", access=FeatureAccess.READ): {ADDR1}})) is True

    assert bool(r.evaluate({Property("System.IO.FileInfo::Length"): {ADDR1}})) is False
@@ -1298,7 +1388,8 @@ def test_property_access():


 def test_property_access_symbol():
-    r = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+    r = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+        textwrap.dedent("""
            rule:
                meta:
                    name: test rule
@@ -1307,23 +1398,21 @@ def test_property_access_symbol():
                        dynamic: process
                features:
                    - property/read: System.IO.FileInfo::Length = some property
-            """))
+            """)
+    )
    assert (
        bool(
-            r.evaluate(
-                {
-                    Property("System.IO.FileInfo::Length", access=FeatureAccess.READ, description="some property"): {
-                        ADDR1
-                    }
-                }
-            )
+            r.evaluate({
+                Property("System.IO.FileInfo::Length", access=FeatureAccess.READ, description="some property"): {ADDR1}
+            })
        )
        is True
    )


 def test_translate_com_features():
-    r = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+    r = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+        textwrap.dedent("""
            rule:
                meta:
                    name: test rule
@@ -1334,7 +1423,8 @@ def test_translate_com_features():
                    - com/class: WICPngDecoder
                    # 389ea17b-5078-4cde-b6ef-25c15175c751 WICPngDecoder
                    # e018945b-aa86-4008-9bd4-6777a1e40c11 WICPngDecoder
-            """))
+            """)
+    )
    com_name = "WICPngDecoder"
    com_features = [
        capa.features.common.Bytes(b"{\xa1\x9e8xP\xdeL\xb6\xef%\xc1Qu\xc7Q", f"CLSID_{com_name} as bytes"),
@@ -1348,39 +1438,46 @@ def test_translate_com_features():
 def test_invalid_com_features():
    # test for unknown COM class
    with pytest.raises(capa.rules.InvalidRule):
-        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: test rule
                    features:
                        - com/class: invalid_com
-                """))
+                """)
+        )

    # test for unknown COM interface
    with pytest.raises(capa.rules.InvalidRule):
-        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: test rule
                    features:
                        - com/interface: invalid_com
-                """))
+                """)
+        )

    # test for invalid COM type
    # valid_com_types = "class", "interface"
    with pytest.raises(capa.rules.InvalidRule):
-        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+        _ = capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: test rule
                    features:
                        - com/invalid_COM_type: WICPngDecoder
-                """))
+                """)
+        )


 def test_circular_dependency():
    rules = [
-        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: test rule 1
@@ -1392,8 +1489,10 @@ def test_circular_dependency():
                    - or:
                        - match: test rule 2
                        - api: kernel32.VirtualAlloc
-                """)),
-        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+                """)
+        ),
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: test rule 2
@@ -1403,7 +1502,8 @@ def test_circular_dependency():
                        lib: true
                    features:
                        - match: test rule 1
-                """)),
+                """)
+        ),
    ]
    with pytest.raises(capa.rules.InvalidRule):
        list(capa.rules.get_rules_and_dependencies(rules, rules[0].name))
--- a/tests/test_rules_insn_scope.py
+++ b/tests/test_rules_insn_scope.py
@@ -21,7 +21,8 @@ import capa.rules


 def test_rule_scope_instruction():
-    capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+    capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+        textwrap.dedent("""
            rule:
                meta:
                    name: test rule
@@ -33,10 +34,12 @@ def test_rule_scope_instruction():
                    - mnemonic: mov
                    - arch: i386
                    - os: windows
-            """))
+            """)
+    )

    with pytest.raises(capa.rules.InvalidRule):
-        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                rule:
                    meta:
                        name: test rule
@@ -45,11 +48,14 @@ def test_rule_scope_instruction():
                            dynamic: unsupported
                    features:
                        - characteristic: embedded pe
-                """))
+                """)
+        )


 def test_rule_subscope_instruction():
-    rules = capa.rules.RuleSet([capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+    rules = capa.rules.RuleSet([
+        capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                    rule:
                        meta:
                            name: test rule
@@ -63,7 +69,9 @@ def test_rule_subscope_instruction():
                                    - mnemonic: mov
                                    - arch: i386
                                    - os: windows
-                    """))])
+                    """)
+        )
+    ])
    # the function rule scope will have one rules:
    #  - `test rule`
    assert len(rules.function_rules) == 1
@@ -74,7 +82,8 @@ def test_rule_subscope_instruction():


 def test_scope_instruction_implied_and():
-    capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+    capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+        textwrap.dedent("""
            rule:
                meta:
                    name: test rule
@@ -87,11 +96,13 @@ def test_scope_instruction_implied_and():
                      - mnemonic: mov
                      - arch: i386
                      - os: windows
-            """))
+            """)
+    )


 def test_scope_instruction_description():
-    capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+    capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+        textwrap.dedent("""
            rule:
                meta:
                    name: test rule
@@ -105,9 +116,11 @@ def test_scope_instruction_description():
                      - mnemonic: mov
                      - arch: i386
                      - os: windows
-            """))
+            """)
+    )

-    capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(textwrap.dedent("""
+    capa.rules.Rule.from_yaml(
+        textwrap.dedent("""
            rule:
                meta:
                    name: test rule
@@ -121,4 +134,5 @@ def test_scope_instruction_description():
                      - mnemonic: mov
                      - arch: i386
                      - os: windows
-            """))
+            """)
+    )
--- a/web/rules/scripts/build_root.py
+++ b/web/rules/scripts/build_root.py
@@ -268,9 +268,9 @@ def generate_html(categories_data, color_map):
                    <div class="card">
                        <div class="thin-rectangle" style="background-color: {rectangle_color};"></div>
                        <div class="card-body">
-                            <div class="namespace">{card['namespace']}</div>
-                            <div class="rule-name"><a href="./{card['name']}/">{card['name']}</a></div>
-                            <div class="authors">{', '.join(card['authors'])}</div>
+                            <div class="namespace">{card["namespace"]}</div>
+                            <div class="rule-name"><a href="./{card["name"]}/">{card["name"]}</a></div>
+                            <div class="authors">{", ".join(card["authors"])}</div>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                </div>"""
--- a/web/rules/scripts/build_rules.py
+++ b/web/rules/scripts/build_rules.py
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ def render_rule(timestamps, path: Path) -> str:
    return html_content


-yaml_files = glob(os.path.join(input_directory, "**/*.yml"), recursive=True)
+yaml_files = [str(p) for p in input_directory.glob("**/*.yml")]

 timestamps = {}
 for line in txt_file_path.read_text(encoding="utf-8").splitlines():