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@@ -10,11 +10,11 @@ az-basic-information/
## Metodologia di Pentesting/Red Team di Azure
Per auditare un ambiente AZURE è molto importante sapere: quali **servizi sono in uso**, cosa è **esposto**, chi ha **accesso** a cosa e come sono connessi i servizi interni di Azure e i **servizi esterni**.
Per auditare un ambiente AZURE è molto importante sapere: quali **servizi vengono utilizzati**, cosa è **esposto**, chi ha **accesso** a cosa e come sono connessi i servizi interni di Azure e i **servizi esterni**.
Dal punto di vista di un Red Team, il **primo passo per compromettere un ambiente Azure** è riuscire a ottenere alcune **credenziali** per Azure AD. Ecco alcune idee su come farlo:
- **Leak** su github (o simili) - OSINT
- **Leaks** in github (o simili) - OSINT
- **Ingegneria** Sociale
- Riutilizzo della **Password** (leak di password)
- Vulnerabilità nelle Applicazioni Ospitate su Azure
@@ -22,10 +22,10 @@ Dal punto di vista di un Red Team, il **primo passo per compromettere un ambient
- **Lettura di File Locali**
- `/home/USERNAME/.azure`
- `C:\Users\USERNAME\.azure`
- Il file **`accessTokens.json`** in `az cli` prima della versione 2.30 - Gennaio 2022 - memorizzava **token di accesso in chiaro**
- Il file **`accessTokens.json`** in `az cli` prima della versione 2.30 - Gen2022 - memorizzava **token di accesso in chiaro**
- Il file **`azureProfile.json`** contiene **info** sull'utente connesso.
- **`az logout`** rimuove il token.
- Le versioni precedenti di **`Az PowerShell`** memorizzavano **token di accesso** in **chiaro** in **`TokenCache.dat`**. Memorizza anche il **ServicePrincipalSecret** in **chiaro** in **`AzureRmContext.json`**. Il cmdlet **`Save-AzContext`** può essere utilizzato per **memorizzare** **token**.\
- Le versioni precedenti di **`Az PowerShell`** memorizzavano i **token di accesso** in **chiaro** in **`TokenCache.dat`**. Memorizza anche il **ServicePrincipalSecret** in **chiaro** in **`AzureRmContext.json`**. Il cmdlet **`Save-AzContext`** può essere utilizzato per **memorizzare** **token**.\
Usa `Disconnect-AzAccount` per rimuoverli.
- Terze parti **compromesse**
- **Dipendente** Interno
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ Nei casi in cui hai alcune credenziali valide ma non riesci a effettuare il logi
- **Whitelist IP** -- Devi compromettere un IP valido
- **Restrizioni Geografiche** -- Scopri dove vive l'utente o dove si trovano gli uffici dell'azienda e ottieni un IP dalla stessa città (o paese almeno)
- **Browser** -- Forse è consentito solo un browser di un certo OS (Windows, Linux, Mac, Android, iOS). Scopri quale OS utilizza la vittima/azienda.
- **Browser** -- Forse solo un browser di un certo OS (Windows, Linux, Mac, Android, iOS) è consentito. Scopri quale OS utilizza la vittima/azienda.
- Puoi anche provare a **compromettere le credenziali del Service Principal** poiché di solito sono meno limitate e il loro login è meno controllato
Dopo averlo bypassato, potresti essere in grado di tornare alla tua configurazione iniziale e avrai ancora accesso.
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ az account management-group list #Not allowed by default
{{#endtab }}
{{#tab name="AzureAD" }}
```powershell
```bash
#Get the current session state
Get-AzureADCurrentSessionInfo
#Get details of the current tenant
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ Get-AzureADTenantDetail
{{#endtab }}
{{#tab name="Az PowerShell" }}
```powershell
```bash
# Get the information about the current context (Account, Tenant, Subscription etc.)
Get-AzContext
# List all available contexts
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ Get-AzRoleAssignment -SignInName test@corp.onmicrosoft.com # For current user
>
> Puoi ottenere le stesse informazioni nella **console web** andando su [https://portal.azure.com/#view/HubsExtension/BrowseAll](https://portal.azure.com/#view/HubsExtension/BrowseAll) o cercando "Tutte le risorse"
### Enumerazione di ENtra ID
### Enumerazione di Entra ID
Per impostazione predefinita, qualsiasi utente dovrebbe avere **sufficienti autorizzazioni per enumerare** cose come utenti, gruppi, ruoli, service principal... (controlla [autorizzazioni predefinite di AzureAD](az-basic-information/index.html#default-user-permissions)).\
Puoi trovare qui una guida:
@@ -149,226 +149,4 @@ Usa portal.azure.com e seleziona la shell, oppure usa shell.azure.com, per un ba
Azure DevOps è separato da Azure. Ha repository, pipeline (yaml o release), board, wiki e altro. I Gruppi di Variabili vengono utilizzati per memorizzare valori di variabili e segreti.
## Debug | MitM az cli
Utilizzando il parametro **`--debug`** è possibile vedere tutte le richieste che lo strumento **`az`** sta inviando:
```bash
az account management-group list --output table --debug
```
Per eseguire un **MitM** sullo strumento e **controllare tutte le richieste** che sta inviando manualmente, puoi fare:
{{#tabs }}
{{#tab name="Bash" }}
```bash
export ADAL_PYTHON_SSL_NO_VERIFY=1
export AZURE_CLI_DISABLE_CONNECTION_VERIFICATION=1
export HTTPS_PROXY="http://127.0.0.1:8080"
export HTTP_PROXY="http://127.0.0.1:8080"
# If this is not enough
# Download the certificate from Burp and convert it into .pem format
# And export the following env variable
openssl x509 -in ~/Downloads/cacert.der -inform DER -out ~/Downloads/cacert.pem -outform PEM
export REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE=/Users/user/Downloads/cacert.pem
```
{{#endtab }}
{{#tab name="PS" }}
```bash
$env:ADAL_PYTHON_SSL_NO_VERIFY=1
$env:AZURE_CLI_DISABLE_CONNECTION_VERIFICATION=1
$env:HTTPS_PROXY="http://127.0.0.1:8080"
$env:HTTP_PROXY="http://127.0.0.1:8080"
```
{{#endtab }}
{{#endtabs }}
## Strumenti di Ricognizione Automatizzati
### [**ROADRecon**](https://github.com/dirkjanm/ROADtools)
```powershell
cd ROADTools
pipenv shell
roadrecon auth -u test@corp.onmicrosoft.com -p "Welcome2022!"
roadrecon gather
roadrecon gui
```
### [Monkey365](https://github.com/silverhack/monkey365)
```powershell
Import-Module monkey365
Get-Help Invoke-Monkey365
Get-Help Invoke-Monkey365 -Detailed
Invoke-Monkey365 -IncludeEntraID -ExportTo HTML -Verbose -Debug -InformationAction Continue
Invoke-Monkey365 - Instance Azure -Analysis All -ExportTo HTML
```
### [**Stormspotter**](https://github.com/Azure/Stormspotter)
```powershell
# Start Backend
cd stormspotter\backend\
pipenv shell
python ssbackend.pyz
# Start Front-end
cd stormspotter\frontend\dist\spa\
quasar.cmd serve -p 9091 --history
# Run Stormcollector
cd stormspotter\stormcollector\
pipenv shell
az login -u test@corp.onmicrosoft.com -p Welcome2022!
python stormspotter\stormcollector\sscollector.pyz cli
# This will generate a .zip file to upload in the frontend (127.0.0.1:9091)
```
### [**AzureHound**](https://github.com/BloodHoundAD/AzureHound)
```powershell
# You need to use the Az PowerShell and Azure AD modules:
$passwd = ConvertTo-SecureString "Welcome2022!" -AsPlainText -Force
$creds = New-Object System.Management.Automation.PSCredential ("test@corp.onmicrosoft.com", $passwd)
Connect-AzAccount -Credential $creds
Import-Module AzureAD\AzureAD.psd1
Connect-AzureAD -Credential $creds
# Launch AzureHound
. AzureHound\AzureHound.ps1
Invoke-AzureHound -Verbose
# Simple queries
## All Azure Users
MATCH (n:AZUser) return n.name
## All Azure Applications
MATCH (n:AZApp) return n.objectid
## All Azure Devices
MATCH (n:AZDevice) return n.name
## All Azure Groups
MATCH (n:AZGroup) return n.name
## All Azure Key Vaults
MATCH (n:AZKeyVault) return n.name
## All Azure Resource Groups
MATCH (n:AZResourceGroup) return n.name
## All Azure Service Principals
MATCH (n:AZServicePrincipal) return n.objectid
## All Azure Virtual Machines
MATCH (n:AZVM) return n.name
## All Principals with the ‘Contributor’ role
MATCH p = (n)-[r:AZContributor]->(g) RETURN p
# Advanced queries
## Get Global Admins
MATCH p =(n)-[r:AZGlobalAdmin*1..]->(m) RETURN p
## Owners of Azure Groups
MATCH p = (n)-[r:AZOwns]->(g:AZGroup) RETURN p
## All Azure Users and their Groups
MATCH p=(m:AZUser)-[r:MemberOf]->(n) WHERE NOT m.objectid CONTAINS 'S-1-5' RETURN p
## Privileged Service Principals
MATCH p = (g:AZServicePrincipal)-[r]->(n) RETURN p
## Owners of Azure Applications
MATCH p = (n)-[r:AZOwns]->(g:AZApp) RETURN p
## Paths to VMs
MATCH p = (n)-[r]->(g: AZVM) RETURN p
## Paths to KeyVault
MATCH p = (n)-[r]->(g:AZKeyVault) RETURN p
## Paths to Azure Resource Group
MATCH p = (n)-[r]->(g:AZResourceGroup) RETURN p
## On-Prem users with edges to Azure
MATCH p=(m:User)-[r:AZResetPassword|AZOwns|AZUserAccessAdministrator|AZContributor|AZAddMembers|AZGlobalAdmin|AZVMContributor|AZOwnsAZAvereContributor]->(n) WHERE m.objectid CONTAINS 'S-1-5-21' RETURN p
## All Azure AD Groups that are synchronized with On-Premise AD
MATCH (n:Group) WHERE n.objectid CONTAINS 'S-1-5' AND n.azsyncid IS NOT NULL RETURN n
```
### [Azucar](https://github.com/nccgroup/azucar)
```bash
# You should use an account with at least read-permission on the assets you want to access
git clone https://github.com/nccgroup/azucar.git
PS> Get-ChildItem -Recurse c:\Azucar_V10 | Unblock-File
PS> .\Azucar.ps1 -AuthMode UseCachedCredentials -Verbose -WriteLog -Debug -ExportTo PRINT
PS> .\Azucar.ps1 -ExportTo CSV,JSON,XML,EXCEL -AuthMode Certificate_Credentials -Certificate C:\AzucarTest\server.pfx -ApplicationId 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000 -TenantID 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000
PS> .\Azucar.ps1 -ExportTo CSV,JSON,XML,EXCEL -AuthMode Certificate_Credentials -Certificate C:\AzucarTest\server.pfx -CertFilePassword MySuperP@ssw0rd! -ApplicationId 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000 -TenantID 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000
# resolve the TenantID for an specific username
PS> .\Azucar.ps1 -ResolveTenantUserName user@company.com
```
### [**MicroBurst**](https://github.com/NetSPI/MicroBurst)
```
Import-Module .\MicroBurst.psm1
Import-Module .\Get-AzureDomainInfo.ps1
Get-AzureDomainInfo -folder MicroBurst -Verbose
```
### [**PowerZure**](https://github.com/hausec/PowerZure)
```powershell
Connect-AzAccount
ipmo C:\Path\To\Powerzure.psd1
Get-AzureTarget
# Reader
$ Get-Runbook, Get-AllUsers, Get-Apps, Get-Resources, Get-WebApps, Get-WebAppDetails
# Contributor
$ Execute-Command -OS Windows -VM Win10Test -ResourceGroup Test-RG -Command "whoami"
$ Execute-MSBuild -VM Win10Test -ResourceGroup Test-RG -File "build.xml"
$ Get-AllSecrets # AllAppSecrets, AllKeyVaultContents
$ Get-AvailableVMDisks, Get-VMDisk # Download a virtual machine's disk
# Owner
$ Set-Role -Role Contributor -User test@contoso.com -Resource Win10VMTest
# Administrator
$ Create-Backdoor, Execute-Backdoor
```
### [**GraphRunner**](https://github.com/dafthack/GraphRunner/wiki/Invoke%E2%80%90GraphRunner)
```powershell
#Get-GraphTokens
#A good place to start is to authenticate with the Get-GraphTokens module. This module will launch a device-code login, allowing you to authenticate the session from a browser session. Access and refresh tokens will be written to the global $tokens variable. To use them with other GraphRunner modules use the Tokens flag (Example. Invoke-DumpApps -Tokens $tokens)
Import-Module .\GraphRunner.ps1
Get-GraphTokens
#Invoke-GraphRecon
#This module gathers information about the tenant including the primary contact info, directory sync settings, and user settings such as if users have the ability to create apps, create groups, or consent to apps.
Invoke-GraphRecon -Tokens $tokens -PermissionEnum
#Invoke-DumpCAPS
#A module to dump conditional access policies from a tenant.
Invoke-GraphRecon -Tokens $tokens -PermissionEnum
#Invoke-DumpCAPS
#A module to dump conditional access policies from a tenant.
Invoke-DumpCAPS -Tokens $tokens -ResolveGuids
#Invoke-DumpApps
#This module helps identify malicious app registrations. It will dump a list of Azure app registrations from the tenant including permission scopes and users that have consented to the apps. Additionally, it will list external apps that are not owned by the current tenant or by Microsoft's main app tenant. This is a good way to find third-party external apps that users may have consented to.
Invoke-DumpApps -Tokens $tokens
#Get-AzureADUsers
#Gather the full list of users from the directory.
Get-AzureADUsers -Tokens $tokens -OutFile users.txt
#Get-SecurityGroups
#Create a list of security groups along with their members.
Get-SecurityGroups -AccessToken $tokens.access_token
G#et-UpdatableGroups
#Gets groups that may be able to be modified by the current user
Get-UpdatableGroups -Tokens $tokens
#Get-DynamicGroups
#Finds dynamic groups and displays membership rules
Get-DynamicGroups -Tokens $tokens
#Get-SharePointSiteURLs
#Gets a list of SharePoint site URLs visible to the current user
Get-SharePointSiteURLs -Tokens $tokens
#Invoke-GraphOpenInboxFinder
#This module attempts to locate mailboxes in a tenant that have allowed other users to read them. By providing a userlist the module will attempt to access the inbox of each user and display if it was successful. The access token needs to be scoped to Mail.Read.Shared or Mail.ReadWrite.Shared for this to work.
Invoke-GraphOpenInboxFinder -Tokens $tokens -Userlist users.txt
#Get-TenantID
#This module attempts to gather a tenant ID associated with a domain.
Get-TenantID -Domain
#Invoke-GraphRunner
#Runs Invoke-GraphRecon, Get-AzureADUsers, Get-SecurityGroups, Invoke-DumpCAPS, Invoke-DumpApps, and then uses the default_detectors.json file to search with Invoke-SearchMailbox, Invoke-SearchSharePointAndOneDrive, and Invoke-SearchTeams.
Invoke-GraphRunner -Tokens $tokens
```
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