# Pentesting Mbinu za Cloud

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<figure><img src="../images/CLOUD-logo-letters.svg" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

## Mbinu za Msingi

Kila mazingira ya mawingu yana sifa zake za kipekee lakini kwa ujumla kuna mambo kadhaa **ya kawaida ambavyo pentester anapaswa kuangalia** wakati wa kupima mazingira ya mawingu:

- **Ukaguzi wa benchmark**
- Hii itakusaidia **kuelewa ukubwa** wa mazingira na **huduma zinazotumika**
- Pia itakuwezesha kupata baadhi ya **misconfigurations ya haraka** kwa sababu unaweza kufanya sehemu kubwa ya vipimo hivi kwa kutumia **zana za otomatiki**
- **Services Enumeration**
- Pengine hutapata misconfigurations mingi zaidi hapa ikiwa ulifanya vizuri vipimo vya benchmark, lakini unaweza kupata baadhi ambayo havikutafutwa kwenye mtihani wa benchmark.
- Hii itakuwezesha kujua **kinachotumika hasa** ndani ya mazingira ya cloud
- Hii itasaidia sana katika hatua zinazofuata
- **Angalia mali zilizo wazi**
- Hii inaweza kufanywa wakati wa sehemu iliyotangulia, unatakiwa **kubaini kila kitu kinachoweza kuwa wazi** kwa Internet kwa namna fulani na jinsi kinavyoweza kufikiwa.
- Hapa ninamaanisha **infrastructure iliyofunguliwa kwa mikono** kama instances zenye web pages au port nyingine zilizo wazi, na pia kuhusu **cloud managed services ambazo zinaweza kusanidiwa** kufunguliwa (kama DBs au buckets)
- Kisha unapaswa kuangalia **je rasilimali hiyo inaweza kufunguliwa au la** (taarifa za siri? vulnerabilities? misconfigurations katika service iliyofunguliwa?)
- **Angalia ruhusa**
- Hapa unapaswa **kubaini ruhusa zote za kila role/user** ndani ya cloud na jinsi zinavyotumika
- Je kuna akaunti nyingi zenye **highly privileged** (zinaweza kudhibiti kila kitu)? Funguo zilizotengenezwa hazitumiwi?... Zaidi ya haya ukaguzi ulipaswa kufanywa tayari katika vipimo vya benchmark
- Ikiwa mteja anatumia OpenID au SAML au nyingine **federation** unaweza kuhitaji kuwauliza kwa **taarifa** zaidi kuhusu **jinsi kila role inavyotengwa** (si sawa role ya admin kuwekewa 1 user au 100)
- Si vya kutosha **kutambua** ni watumiaji gani wana ruhusa za **admin** "*:*". Kuna ruhusa nyingi **nyingine** ambazo kulingana na huduma zinazotumika zinaweza kuwa za **nyeti**.
- Zaidi ya hayo, kuna njia za **potential privesc** za kufuatilia kwa kutumia ruhusa. Mambo haya yote yanapaswa kuzingatiwa na **itupe taratibu za privesc kadri iwezekanavyo** kuripotiwa.
- **Angalia Integrations**
- Inawezekana sana kwamba **integrations na mawingu mengine au SaaS** zinatumika ndani ya mazingira ya cloud.
- Kwa **integrations za cloud unazochunguza** na platform nyingine unapaswa taarifa **nani ana access ya (ab)use hiyo integration** na unapaswa kuuliza **je kitendo kinachofanywa ni kiasi gani nyeti**.\
Kwa mfano, nani anaweza kuandika kwenye AWS bucket ambapo GCP inapata data kutoka (uliza jinsi kitendo kinavyoathiri GCP katika kushughulikia data hiyo).
- Kwa **integrations ndani ya cloud unazochunguza** kutoka platform za nje, unapaswa kuuliza **nani ana access kwa nje ya (ab)use hiyo integration** na angalia jinsi data hiyo inavyotumika.\
Kwa mfano, ikiwa service inatumia Docker image iliyohifadhiwa katika GCR, unapaswa kuuliza nani ana access ya kuibadilisha na ni taarifa zipi nyeti na access gani picha hiyo itaipata inapoendeshwa ndani ya AWS cloud.

## Zana za Multi-Cloud

Kuna zana kadhaa ambazo zinaweza kutumika kujaribu mazingira tofauti ya mawingu. Hatua za usakinishaji na viungo vitaainishwa katika sehemu hii.

### [PurplePanda](https://github.com/carlospolop/purplepanda)

Zana ya **kutambua misconfigurations mbaya na privesc path katika mawingu na kati ya mawingu/SaaS.**

{{#tabs }}
{{#tab name="Install" }}
```bash
# You need to install and run neo4j also
git clone https://github.com/carlospolop/PurplePanda
cd PurplePanda
python3 -m venv .
source bin/activate
python3 -m pip install -r requirements.txt
export PURPLEPANDA_NEO4J_URL="bolt://neo4j@localhost:7687"
export PURPLEPANDA_PWD="neo4j_pwd_4_purplepanda"
python3 main.py -h # Get help
```
{{#endtab }}

{{#tab name="GCP" }}
```bash
export GOOGLE_DISCOVERY=$(echo 'google:
- file_path: ""

- file_path: ""
service_account_id: "some-sa-email@sidentifier.iam.gserviceaccount.com"' | base64)

python3 main.py -a -p google #Get basic info of the account to check it's correctly configured
python3 main.py -e -p google #Enumerate the env
```
{{#endtab }}
{{#endtabs }}

### [Prowler](https://github.com/prowler-cloud/prowler)

Inasaidia **AWS, GCP & Azure**. Angalia jinsi ya kusanidi kila mtoa huduma katika [https://docs.prowler.cloud/en/latest/#aws](https://docs.prowler.cloud/en/latest/#aws)
```bash
# Install
pip install prowler
prowler -v

# Run
prowler <provider>
# Example
prowler aws --profile custom-profile [-M csv json json-asff html]

# Get info about checks & services
prowler <provider> --list-checks
prowler <provider> --list-services
```
### [CloudSploit](https://github.com/aquasecurity/cloudsploit)

AWS, Azure, Github, Google, Oracle, Alibaba

{{#tabs }}
{{#tab name="Install" }}
```bash
# Install
git clone https://github.com/aquasecurity/cloudsploit.git
cd cloudsploit
npm install
./index.js -h
## Docker instructions in github
```
{{#endtab }}

{{#tab name="GCP" }}
```bash
## You need to have creds for a service account and set them in config.js file
./index.js --cloud google --config </abs/path/to/config.js>
```
{{#endtab }}
{{#endtabs }}

### [ScoutSuite](https://github.com/nccgroup/ScoutSuite)

AWS, Azure, GCP, Alibaba Cloud, Oracle Cloud Infrastructure

{{#tabs }}
{{#tab name="Install" }}
```bash
mkdir scout; cd scout
virtualenv -p python3 venv
source venv/bin/activate
pip install scoutsuite
scout --help
## Using Docker: https://github.com/nccgroup/ScoutSuite/wiki/Docker-Image
```
{{#endtab }}

{{#tab name="GCP" }}
```bash
scout gcp --report-dir /tmp/gcp --user-account --all-projects
## use "--service-account KEY_FILE" instead of "--user-account" to use a service account

SCOUT_FOLDER_REPORT="/tmp"
for pid in $(gcloud projects list --format="value(projectId)"); do
echo "================================================"
echo "Checking $pid"
mkdir "$SCOUT_FOLDER_REPORT/$pid"
scout gcp --report-dir "$SCOUT_FOLDER_REPORT/$pid" --no-browser --user-account --project-id "$pid"
done
```
{{#endtab }}
{{#endtabs }}

### [Steampipe](https://github.com/turbot)

{{#tabs }}
{{#tab name="Install" }}
Pakua na usakinishe Steampipe ([https://steampipe.io/downloads](https://steampipe.io/downloads)). Au tumia Brew:
```
brew tap turbot/tap
brew install steampipe
```
{{#endtab }}

{{#tab name="GCP" }}
```bash
# Install gcp plugin
steampipe plugin install gcp

# Use https://github.com/turbot/steampipe-mod-gcp-compliance.git
git clone https://github.com/turbot/steampipe-mod-gcp-compliance.git
cd steampipe-mod-gcp-compliance
# To run all the checks from the dashboard
steampipe dashboard
# To run all the checks from rhe cli
steampipe check all
```
<details>

<summary>Kagua Miradi Yote</summary>

Ili kukagua miradi yote unahitaji kuunda faili `gcp.spc` inayobainisha miradi yote ya kujaribu. Unaweza kufuata tu maelekezo kutoka kwenye script ifuatayo
```bash
FILEPATH="/tmp/gcp.spc"
rm -rf "$FILEPATH" 2>/dev/null

# Generate a json like object for each project
for pid in $(gcloud projects list --format="value(projectId)"); do
echo "connection \"gcp_$(echo -n $pid | tr "-" "_" )\" {
plugin  = \"gcp\"
project = \"$pid\"
}" >> "$FILEPATH"
done

# Generate the aggragator to call
echo 'connection "gcp_all" {
plugin      = "gcp"
type        = "aggregator"
connections = ["gcp_*"]
}' >> "$FILEPATH"

echo "Copy $FILEPATH in ~/.steampipe/config/gcp.spc if it was correctly generated"
```
</details>

Ili kuangalia insights nyingine za GCP (zinasadia kuorodhesha huduma) tumia: [https://github.com/turbot/steampipe-mod-gcp-insights](https://github.com/turbot/steampipe-mod-gcp-insights)

Ili kuangalia Terraform GCP code: [https://github.com/turbot/steampipe-mod-terraform-gcp-compliance](https://github.com/turbot/steampipe-mod-terraform-gcp-compliance)

Viongezi vingine vya Steampipe kwa GCP: [https://github.com/turbot?q=gcp](https://github.com/turbot?q=gcp)
{{#endtab }}

{{#tab name="AWS" }}
```bash
# Install aws plugin
steampipe plugin install aws

# Modify the spec indicating in "profile" the profile name to use
nano ~/.steampipe/config/aws.spc

# Get some info on how the AWS account is being used
git clone https://github.com/turbot/steampipe-mod-aws-insights.git
cd steampipe-mod-aws-insights
steampipe dashboard

# Get the services exposed to the internet
git clone https://github.com/turbot/steampipe-mod-aws-perimeter.git
cd steampipe-mod-aws-perimeter
steampipe dashboard

# Run the benchmarks
git clone https://github.com/turbot/steampipe-mod-aws-compliance
cd steampipe-mod-aws-compliance
steampipe dashboard # To see results in browser
steampipe check all --export=/tmp/output4.json
```
Kuangalia Terraform AWS code: [https://github.com/turbot/steampipe-mod-terraform-aws-compliance](https://github.com/turbot/steampipe-mod-terraform-aws-compliance)

Plugins zaidi za AWS za Steampipe: [https://github.com/orgs/turbot/repositories?q=aws](https://github.com/orgs/turbot/repositories?q=aws)
{{#endtab }}
{{#endtabs }}

### [~~cs-suite~~](https://github.com/SecurityFTW/cs-suite)

AWS, GCP, Azure, DigitalOcean.\
Inahitaji python2.7 na inaonekana haendelezwi.

### Nessus

Nessus ina skani ya _**Audit Cloud Infrastructure**_ inayounga mkono: AWS, Azure, Office 365, Rackspace, Salesforce. Inahitaji usanidi wa ziada katika **Azure** ili kupata **Client Id**.

### [**cloudlist**](https://github.com/projectdiscovery/cloudlist)

Cloudlist ni **zana ya multi-cloud kwa kupata Assets** (Hostnames, IP Addresses) kutoka kwa Cloud Providers.

{{#tabs }}
{{#tab name="Cloudlist" }}
```bash
cd /tmp
wget https://github.com/projectdiscovery/cloudlist/releases/latest/download/cloudlist_1.0.1_macOS_arm64.zip
unzip cloudlist_1.0.1_macOS_arm64.zip
chmod +x cloudlist
sudo mv cloudlist /usr/local/bin
```
{{#endtab }}

{{#tab name="Second Tab" }}
```bash
## For GCP it requires service account JSON credentials
cloudlist -config </path/to/config>
```
{{#endtab }}
{{#endtabs }}

### [**cartography**](https://github.com/lyft/cartography)

Cartography ni zana ya Python inayounganisha rasilimali za miundombinu na uhusiano kati yao katika muonekano wa grafu unaoeleweka unaoendeshwa na Neo4j database.

{{#tabs }}
{{#tab name="Install" }}
```bash
# Installation
docker image pull ghcr.io/lyft/cartography
docker run --platform linux/amd64 ghcr.io/lyft/cartography cartography --help
## Install a Neo4j DB version 3.5.*
```
{{#endtab }}

{{#tab name="GCP" }}
```bash
docker run --platform linux/amd64 \
--volume "$HOME/.config/gcloud/application_default_credentials.json:/application_default_credentials.json" \
-e GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS="/application_default_credentials.json" \
-e NEO4j_PASSWORD="s3cr3t" \
ghcr.io/lyft/cartography  \
--neo4j-uri bolt://host.docker.internal:7687 \
--neo4j-password-env-var NEO4j_PASSWORD \
--neo4j-user neo4j


# It only checks for a few services inside GCP (https://lyft.github.io/cartography/modules/gcp/index.html)
## Cloud Resource Manager
## Compute
## DNS
## Storage
## Google Kubernetes Engine
### If you can run starbase or purplepanda you will get more info
```
{{#endtab }}
{{#endtabs }}

### [**starbase**](https://github.com/JupiterOne/starbase)

Starbase hukusanya rasilimali na uhusiano kutoka kwa huduma na mifumo ikijumuisha miundombinu ya wingu, programu za SaaS, vidhibiti vya usalama, na mengine katika muonekano wa grafu unaoeleweka unaoungwa mkono na hifadhidata ya Neo4j.

{{#tabs }}
{{#tab name="Install" }}
```bash
# You are going to need Node version 14, so install nvm following https://tecadmin.net/install-nvm-macos-with-homebrew/
npm install --global yarn
nvm install 14
git clone https://github.com/JupiterOne/starbase.git
cd starbase
nvm use 14
yarn install
yarn starbase --help
# Configure manually config.yaml depending on the env to analyze
yarn starbase setup
yarn starbase run

# Docker
git clone https://github.com/JupiterOne/starbase.git
cd starbase
cp config.yaml.example config.yaml
# Configure manually config.yaml depending on the env to analyze
docker build --no-cache -t starbase:latest .
docker-compose run starbase setup
docker-compose run starbase run
```
{{#endtab }}

{{#tab name="GCP" }}
```yaml
## Config for GCP
### Check out: https://github.com/JupiterOne/graph-google-cloud/blob/main/docs/development.md
### It requires service account credentials

integrations:
- name: graph-google-cloud
instanceId: testInstanceId
directory: ./.integrations/graph-google-cloud
gitRemoteUrl: https://github.com/JupiterOne/graph-google-cloud.git
config:
SERVICE_ACCOUNT_KEY_FILE: "{Check https://github.com/JupiterOne/graph-google-cloud/blob/main/docs/development.md#service_account_key_file-string}"
PROJECT_ID: ""
FOLDER_ID: ""
ORGANIZATION_ID: ""
CONFIGURE_ORGANIZATION_PROJECTS: false

storage:
engine: neo4j
config:
username: neo4j
password: s3cr3t
uri: bolt://localhost:7687
#Consider using host.docker.internal if from docker
```
{{#endtab }}
{{#endtabs }}

### [**SkyArk**](https://github.com/cyberark/SkyArk)

Gundua watumiaji wenye vibali vya juu zaidi katika mazingira ya AWS au Azure yaliyoskaniwa, ikiwa ni pamoja na AWS Shadow Admins. Inatumia powershell.
```bash
Import-Module .\SkyArk.ps1 -force
Start-AzureStealth

# in the Cloud Console
IEX (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cyberark/SkyArk/master/AzureStealth/AzureStealth.ps1')
Scan-AzureAdmins
```
### [Cloud Brute](https://github.com/0xsha/CloudBrute)

Chombo cha kutafuta miundombinu ya kampuni (lengo), mafaili, na apps kwenye watoa huduma wakubwa wa cloud (Amazon, Google, Microsoft, DigitalOcean, Alibaba, Vultr, Linode).

### [CloudFox](https://github.com/BishopFox/cloudfox)

- CloudFox ni chombo cha kutafuta exploitable attack paths katika miundombinu ya cloud (kwa sasa inasaidia tu AWS & Azure; GCP itakuja hivi karibuni).
- Ni chombo cha enumeration kinachokusudiwa kukamilisha pentesting ya manual.
- Haiundii wala hubadilisha data yoyote ndani ya mazingira ya cloud.

### Orodha zaidi za zana za usalama za cloud

- [https://github.com/RyanJarv/awesome-cloud-sec](https://github.com/RyanJarv/awesome-cloud-sec)

## Google

### GCP

{{#ref}}
gcp-security/
{{#endref}}

### Workspace

{{#ref}}
workspace-security/
{{#endref}}

## AWS

{{#ref}}
aws-security/
{{#endref}}

## Azure

{{#ref}}
azure-security/
{{#endref}}

### Grafu ya Shambulio

[**Stormspotter** ](https://github.com/Azure/Stormspotter)huunda “attack graph” ya rasilimali katika Azure subscription. Inawawezesha red teams na pentesters kuona attack surface na fursa za pivot ndani ya tenant, na huwapa defenders nguvu ya ziada kupanga na kuipa kipaumbele kazi za incident response haraka.

### Office365

Unahitaji **Global Admin** au angalau **Global Admin Reader** (lakini kumbuka kuwa Global Admin Reader ni mdogo kidogo). Hata hivyo, vikwazo hivyo vinaonekana katika baadhi ya PS modules na vinaweza kuepukika kwa kufikia vipengele **kupitia programu ya wavuti**.


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