# Az - Key Vault

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## Basic Information

**Azure Key Vault** is a cloud service provided by Microsoft Azure for securely storing and managing sensitive information such as **secrets, keys, certificates, and passwords**. It acts as a centralized repository, offering secure access and fine-grained control using Azure Active Directory (Azure AD). From a security perspective, Key Vault provides **hardware security module (HSM) protection** for cryptographic keys, ensures secrets are encrypted both at rest and in transit, and offers robust access management through **role-based access control (RBAC)** and policies. It also features **audit logging**, integration with Azure Monitor for tracking access, and automated key rotation to reduce risk from prolonged key exposure.

See [Azure Key Vault REST API overview](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/key-vault/general/about-keys-secrets-certificates) for complete details.

According to the [**docs**](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/key-vault/general/basic-concepts), Vaults support storing software and HSM-backed keys, secrets, and certificates. Managed HSM pools only support HSM-backed keys.

The **URL format** for **vaults** is `https://{vault-name}.vault.azure.net/{object-type}/{object-name}/{object-version}` and for managed HSM pools it's: `https://{hsm-name}.managedhsm.azure.net/{object-type}/{object-name}/{object-version}`

Where:

* `vault-name` is the globally **unique** name of the key vault
* `object-type` can be "keys", "secrets" or "certificates"
* `object-name` is **unique** name of the object within the key vault
* `object-version` is system generated and optionally used to address a **unique version of an object**.

In order to access to the secrets stored in the vault it's possible to select between 2 permissions models when creating the vault:

* **Vault access policy**
* **Azure RBAC** (most common and recommended)
  * You can find all the granular permissions supported in [https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/role-based-access-control/permissions/security#microsoftkeyvault](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/role-based-access-control/permissions/security#microsoftkeyvault)

### Access Control <a href="#access-control" id="access-control"></a>

Access to a Key Vault resource is controlled by two planes:

* The **management plane**, whose target is [management.azure.com](http://management.azure.com/).
  * It's used to manage the key vault and **access policies**. Only Azure role based access control (**RBAC**) is supported.
* The **data plane**, whose target is **`<vault-name>.vault.azure.com`**.
  * It's used to manage and access the **data** (keys, secrets and certificates) **in the key vault**. This supports **key vault access policies** or Azure **RBAC**.

A role like **Contributor** that has permissions in the management place to manage access policies can get access to the secrets by modifying the access policies.

### Key Vault RBAC Built-In Roles <a href="#rbac-built-in-roles" id="rbac-built-in-roles"></a>

<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (27).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

### Network Access

In Azure Key Vault, **firewall** rules can be set up to **allow data plane operations only from specified virtual networks or IPv4 address ranges**. This restriction also affects access through the Azure administration portal; users will not be able to list keys, secrets, or certificates in a key vault if their login IP address is not within the authorized range.

For analyzing and managing these settings, you can use the **Azure CLI**:

```bash
az keyvault show --name name-vault --query networkAcls
```

The previous command will display the f**irewall settings of `name-vault`**, including enabled IP ranges and policies for denied traffic.

Moreover, it's possible to create a **private endpoint** to allow a private connection to a vault.

### Deletion Protection

When a key vault is created the minimum number of days to allow for deletion is 7. Which means that whenever you try to delete that key vault it'll need **at least 7 days to be deleted**.

However, it's possible to create a vault with **purge protection disabled** which allow key vault and objects to be purged during retention period. Although, once this protection is enabled for a vault it cannot be disabled.

## Enumeration

{% tabs %}
{% tab title="az" %}
{% code overflow="wrap" %}
```bash
# List all Key Vaults in the subscription
az keyvault list
# List Key Vaults in a specific Resource Group
az keyvault list --resource-group <ResourceGroupName>
# Show details of a specific Key Vault
az keyvault show --name <KeyVaultName> # If accessPolicies, you can see them here
# List all keys in a Key Vault
az keyvault key list --vault-name <KeyVaultName>
# List all secrets in a Key Vault
az keyvault secret list --vault-name <KeyVaultName>
# Get versions of a secret
az keyvault secret list-versions --vault-name <KeyVaultName> --name <SecretName>
# List all certificates in a Key Vault
az keyvault certificate list --vault-name <KeyVaultName>
# List all deleted Key Vaults in the subscription
az keyvault list-deleted
# Get properties of a deleted Key Vault
az keyvault show-deleted --name <KeyVaultName>
# Get assigned roles
az role assignment list --include-inherited --scope "/subscriptions/<subscription-uuid>/resourceGroups/<resource-group>/providers/Microsoft.KeyVault/vaults/<vault-name>"

# Get secret value
az keyvault secret show --vault-name <KeyVaultName> --name <SecretName>
# Get old versions secret value
az keyvault secret show --id https://<KeyVaultName>.vault.azure.net/secrets/<KeyVaultName>/<idOldVersion>
```
{% endcode %}
{% endtab %}

{% tab title="Az Powershell" %}
{% code overflow="wrap" %}
```powershell
# Get keyvault token
curl "$IDENTITY_ENDPOINT?resource=https://vault.azure.net&api-version=2017-09-01" -H secret:$IDENTITY_HEADER

# Connect with PS AzureAD
## $token from management API
Connect-AzAccount -AccessToken $token -AccountId 1937ea5938eb-10eb-a365-10abede52387 -KeyVaultAccessToken $keyvaulttoken

# Get details of a specific Key Vault
Get-AzKeyVault -VaultName <KeyVaultName>
# List all keys in a Key Vault
Get-AzKeyVaultKey -VaultName <KeyVaultName>
# List all secrets in a Key Vault
Get-AzKeyVaultSecret -VaultName <KeyVaultName>
# List all certificates in a Key Vault
Get-AzKeyVaultCertificate -VaultName <KeyVaultName>
# List all deleted Key Vaults in the subscription
Get-AzKeyVault -InRemovedState
# Get properties of a deleted Key Vault
Get-AzKeyVault -VaultName <KeyVaultName> -InRemovedState
# Get secret values
Get-AzKeyVaultSecret -VaultName <vault_name> -Name <secret_name> -AsPlainText
```
{% endcode %}
{% endtab %}

{% tab title="az script" %}
```bash
#!/bin/bash

# Dump all keyvaults from the subscription

# Define Azure subscription ID
AZ_SUBSCRIPTION_ID="your-subscription-id"

# Specify the filename for output
CSV_OUTPUT="vault-names-list.csv"

# Login to Azure account
az login

# Select the desired subscription
az account set --subscription $AZ_SUBSCRIPTION_ID

# Retrieve all resource groups within the subscription
AZ_RESOURCE_GROUPS=$(az group list --query "[].name" -o tsv)

# Initialize the CSV file with headers
echo "Vault Name,Associated Resource Group" > $CSV_OUTPUT

# Iterate over each resource group
for GROUP in $AZ_RESOURCE_GROUPS
do
  # Fetch key vaults within the current resource group
  VAULT_LIST=$(az keyvault list --resource-group $GROUP --query "[].name" -o tsv)

  # Process each key vault
  for VAULT in $VAULT_LIST
  do
    # Extract the key vault's name
    VAULT_NAME=$(az keyvault show --name $VAULT --resource-group $GROUP --query "name" -o tsv)

    # Append the key vault name and its resource group to the file
    echo "$VAULT_NAME,$GROUP" >> $CSV_OUTPUT
  done
done
```
{% endtab %}
{% endtabs %}

## Privilege Escalation

{% content-ref url="../az-privilege-escalation/az-key-vault-privesc.md" %}
[az-key-vault-privesc.md](../az-privilege-escalation/az-key-vault-privesc.md)
{% endcontent-ref %}

## Post Exploitation

{% content-ref url="../az-post-exploitation/az-key-vault-post-exploitation.md" %}
[az-key-vault-post-exploitation.md](../az-post-exploitation/az-key-vault-post-exploitation.md)
{% endcontent-ref %}

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<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>

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</details>
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