Ili kukagua mazingira ya AZURE ni muhimu sana kujua: ni huduma zipi zinatumika, nini kinachoweza kuonyeshwa, nani ana ufikiaji wa nini, na jinsi huduma za ndani za Azure na huduma za nje zinavyounganishwa.

Kutoka kwa mtazamo wa Red Team, hatua ya kwanza ya kuathiri mazingira ya Azure ni kupata akidi za Azure AD. Hapa kuna mawazo kadhaa juu ya jinsi ya kufanya hivyo:

Mvujo katika github (au sawa) - OSINT
Uhandisi wa Kijamii
Tumia tena nywila (mvujo wa nywila)
Uthibitisho katika Programu za Azure-Hosted
Server Side Request Forgery yenye ufikiaji wa metadata endpoint
Soma Faili za Mitaa
/home/USERNAME/.azure
C:\Users\USERNAME\.azure
Faili accessTokens.json katika az cli kabla ya 2.30 - Jan2022 - ilihifadhi tokens za ufikiaji kwa maandiko wazi
Faili azureProfile.json ina habari kuhusu mtumiaji aliyeingia.
az logout inafuta token.
Matoleo ya zamani ya Az PowerShell yalihifadhi tokens za ufikiaji kwa maandiko wazi katika TokenCache.dat. Pia inahifadhi ServicePrincipalSecret kwa maandiko wazi katika AzureRmContext.json. Cmdlet Save-AzContext inaweza kutumika kuhifadhi tokens.
Tumia Disconnect-AzAccount kuondoa hizo.
Watu wa 3rd walivunja
Mfanyakazi wa Ndani
Uvuvi wa Kawaida (akidi au Oauth App)
Uvuvi wa Uthibitisho wa Nambari ya Kifaa
Azure Password Spraying

Hata kama huja athiri mtumiaji yeyote ndani ya tenant ya Azure unayoishambulia, unaweza kusanya habari fulani kutoka kwake:

{{#ref}} az-unauthenticated-enum-and-initial-entry/ {{#endref}}

Note

Baada ya kufanikiwa kupata akidi, unahitaji kujua ni nani akidi hizo zinamilikiwa, na nini wana ufikiaji nacho, hivyo unahitaji kufanya uainishaji wa msingi:

Basic Enumeration

Note

Kumbuka kwamba sehemu ya kelele zaidi ya uainishaji ni kuingia, si uainishaji wenyewe.

SSRF

Ikiwa umepata SSRF katika mashine ndani ya Azure angalia ukurasa huu kwa mbinu:

{{#ref}} https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-web/ssrf-server-side-request-forgery/cloud-ssrf {{#endref}}

Katika hali ambapo una akidi halali lakini huwezi kuingia, hizi ni baadhi ya ulinzi wa kawaida ambao unaweza kuwepo:

IP whitelisting -- Unahitaji kuathiri IP halali
Geo restrictions -- Pata mahali mtumiaji anaishi au ofisi za kampuni na pata IP kutoka jiji moja (au nchi angalau)
Browser -- Labda ni kivinjari tu kutoka OS fulani (Windows, Linux, Mac, Android, iOS) kinachoruhusiwa. Jua ni OS ipi mwathirika/kampuni inatumia.
Unaweza pia kujaribu kuathiri akidi za Service Principal kwani kawaida huwa na mipaka kidogo na kuingia kwake hakuchunguzwi sana

Baada ya kuweza kuondoa hiyo, unaweza kurudi kwenye mipangilio yako ya awali na bado utakuwa na ufikiaji.

Subdomain Takeover

https://godiego.co/posts/STO-Azure/

Whoami

Caution

Jifunze jinsi ya kufunga az cli, AzureAD na Az PowerShell katika sehemu ya Az - Entra ID.

Moja ya mambo ya kwanza unahitaji kujua ni wewe ni nani (katika mazingira gani uko):

az account list
az account tenant list # Current tenant info
az account subscription list # Current subscription info
az ad signed-in-user show # Current signed-in user
az ad signed-in-user list-owned-objects # Get owned objects by current user
az account management-group list #Not allowed by default

#Get the current session state
Get-AzureADCurrentSessionInfo
#Get details of the current tenant
Get-AzureADTenantDetail

# Get the information about the current context (Account, Tenant, Subscription etc.)
Get-AzContext
# List all available contexts
Get-AzContext -ListAvailable
# Enumerate subscriptions accessible by the current user
Get-AzSubscription
#Get Resource group
Get-AzResourceGroup
# Enumerate all resources visible to the current user
Get-AzResource
# Enumerate all Azure RBAC role assignments
Get-AzRoleAssignment # For all users
Get-AzRoleAssignment -SignInName test@corp.onmicrosoft.com # For current user

Caution

Moja ya amri muhimu zaidi za kuhesabu Azure ni Get-AzResource kutoka Az PowerShell kwani inakuwezesha kujua rasilimali ambazo mtumiaji wako wa sasa anaweza kuona.

Unaweza kupata taarifa sawa katika konsoli ya wavuti kwa kutembelea https://portal.azure.com/#view/HubsExtension/BrowseAll au kutafuta "All resources"

ENtra ID Enumeration

Kwa kawaida, mtumiaji yeyote anapaswa kuwa na idhini ya kutosha kuhesabu mambo kama vile, watumiaji, vikundi, majukumu, wahusika wa huduma... (angalia default AzureAD permissions).
Unaweza kupata hapa mwongozo:

{{#ref}} az-services/az-azuread.md {{#endref}}

Note

Sasa kwamba una taarifa fulani kuhusu hati zako (na ikiwa wewe ni timu nyekundu matumaini huja gundulika). Ni wakati wa kubaini ni huduma zipi zinatumika katika mazingira.
Katika sehemu ifuatayo unaweza kuangalia njia kadhaa za kuhesabu huduma za kawaida.

App Service SCM

Konsoli ya Kudu kuingia kwenye 'konteina' ya App Service.

Webshell

Tumia portal.azure.com na uchague shell, au tumia shell.azure.com, kwa bash au powershell. 'disk' ya shell hii inahifadhiwa kama faili ya picha katika akaunti ya hifadhi.

Azure DevOps

Azure DevOps ni tofauti na Azure. Ina hazina, mipango (yaml au toleo), bodi, wiki, na zaidi. Makundi ya Vigezo yanatumika kuhifadhi thamani za vigezo na siri.

Debug | MitM az cli

Kwa kutumia parameter --debug inawezekana kuona maombi yote ambayo chombo az kinatuma:

az account management-group list --output table --debug

Ili kufanya MitM kwa zana na kuangalia maombi yote inayopeleka kwa mikono unaweza kufanya:

export ADAL_PYTHON_SSL_NO_VERIFY=1
export AZURE_CLI_DISABLE_CONNECTION_VERIFICATION=1
export HTTPS_PROXY="http://127.0.0.1:8080"
export HTTP_PROXY="http://127.0.0.1:8080"

# If this is not enough
# Download the certificate from Burp and convert it into .pem format
# And export the following env variable
openssl x509 -in ~/Downloads/cacert.der -inform DER -out ~/Downloads/cacert.pem -outform PEM
export REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE=/Users/user/Downloads/cacert.pem

$env:ADAL_PYTHON_SSL_NO_VERIFY=1
$env:AZURE_CLI_DISABLE_CONNECTION_VERIFICATION=1
$env:HTTPS_PROXY="http://127.0.0.1:8080"
$env:HTTP_PROXY="http://127.0.0.1:8080"

Zana za Kutafuta Kiotomatiki

ROADRecon

cd ROADTools
pipenv shell
roadrecon auth -u test@corp.onmicrosoft.com -p "Welcome2022!"
roadrecon gather
roadrecon gui

Monkey365

Import-Module monkey365
Get-Help Invoke-Monkey365
Get-Help Invoke-Monkey365 -Detailed
Invoke-Monkey365 -IncludeEntraID -ExportTo HTML -Verbose -Debug -InformationAction Continue
Invoke-Monkey365 - Instance Azure -Analysis All -ExportTo HTML

Stormspotter

# Start Backend
cd stormspotter\backend\
pipenv shell
python ssbackend.pyz

# Start Front-end
cd stormspotter\frontend\dist\spa\
quasar.cmd serve -p 9091 --history

# Run Stormcollector
cd stormspotter\stormcollector\
pipenv shell
az login -u test@corp.onmicrosoft.com -p Welcome2022!
python stormspotter\stormcollector\sscollector.pyz cli
# This will generate a .zip file to upload in the frontend (127.0.0.1:9091)

AzureHound

# You need to use the Az PowerShell and Azure AD modules:
$passwd = ConvertTo-SecureString "Welcome2022!" -AsPlainText -Force
$creds = New-Object System.Management.Automation.PSCredential ("test@corp.onmicrosoft.com", $passwd)
Connect-AzAccount -Credential $creds

Import-Module AzureAD\AzureAD.psd1
Connect-AzureAD -Credential $creds

# Launch AzureHound
. AzureHound\AzureHound.ps1
Invoke-AzureHound -Verbose

# Simple queries
## All Azure Users
MATCH (n:AZUser) return n.name
## All Azure Applications
MATCH (n:AZApp) return n.objectid
## All Azure Devices
MATCH (n:AZDevice) return n.name
## All Azure Groups
MATCH (n:AZGroup) return n.name
## All Azure Key Vaults
MATCH (n:AZKeyVault) return n.name
## All Azure Resource Groups
MATCH (n:AZResourceGroup) return n.name
## All Azure Service Principals
MATCH (n:AZServicePrincipal) return n.objectid
## All Azure Virtual Machines
MATCH (n:AZVM) return n.name
## All Principals with the ‘Contributor’ role
MATCH p = (n)-[r:AZContributor]->(g) RETURN p

# Advanced queries
## Get Global Admins
MATCH p =(n)-[r:AZGlobalAdmin*1..]->(m) RETURN p
## Owners of Azure Groups
MATCH p = (n)-[r:AZOwns]->(g:AZGroup) RETURN p
## All Azure Users and their Groups
MATCH p=(m:AZUser)-[r:MemberOf]->(n) WHERE NOT m.objectid CONTAINS 'S-1-5' RETURN p
## Privileged Service Principals
MATCH p = (g:AZServicePrincipal)-[r]->(n) RETURN p
## Owners of Azure Applications
MATCH p = (n)-[r:AZOwns]->(g:AZApp) RETURN p
## Paths to VMs
MATCH p = (n)-[r]->(g: AZVM) RETURN p
## Paths to KeyVault
MATCH p = (n)-[r]->(g:AZKeyVault) RETURN p
## Paths to Azure Resource Group
MATCH p = (n)-[r]->(g:AZResourceGroup) RETURN p
## On-Prem users with edges to Azure
MATCH  p=(m:User)-[r:AZResetPassword|AZOwns|AZUserAccessAdministrator|AZContributor|AZAddMembers|AZGlobalAdmin|AZVMContributor|AZOwnsAZAvereContributor]->(n) WHERE m.objectid CONTAINS 'S-1-5-21' RETURN p
## All Azure AD Groups that are synchronized with On-Premise AD
MATCH (n:Group) WHERE n.objectid CONTAINS 'S-1-5' AND n.azsyncid IS NOT NULL RETURN n

Azucar

# You should use an account with at least read-permission on the assets you want to access
git clone https://github.com/nccgroup/azucar.git
PS> Get-ChildItem -Recurse c:\Azucar_V10 | Unblock-File

PS> .\Azucar.ps1 -AuthMode UseCachedCredentials -Verbose -WriteLog -Debug -ExportTo PRINT
PS> .\Azucar.ps1 -ExportTo CSV,JSON,XML,EXCEL -AuthMode Certificate_Credentials -Certificate C:\AzucarTest\server.pfx -ApplicationId 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000 -TenantID 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000
PS> .\Azucar.ps1 -ExportTo CSV,JSON,XML,EXCEL -AuthMode Certificate_Credentials -Certificate C:\AzucarTest\server.pfx -CertFilePassword MySuperP@ssw0rd! -ApplicationId 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000 -TenantID 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000

# resolve the TenantID for an specific username
PS> .\Azucar.ps1 -ResolveTenantUserName user@company.com

MicroBurst

Import-Module .\MicroBurst.psm1
Import-Module .\Get-AzureDomainInfo.ps1
Get-AzureDomainInfo -folder MicroBurst -Verbose

PowerZure

Connect-AzAccount
ipmo C:\Path\To\Powerzure.psd1
Get-AzureTarget

# Reader
$ Get-Runbook, Get-AllUsers, Get-Apps, Get-Resources, Get-WebApps, Get-WebAppDetails

# Contributor
$ Execute-Command -OS Windows -VM Win10Test -ResourceGroup Test-RG -Command "whoami"
$ Execute-MSBuild -VM Win10Test  -ResourceGroup Test-RG -File "build.xml"
$ Get-AllSecrets # AllAppSecrets, AllKeyVaultContents
$ Get-AvailableVMDisks, Get-VMDisk # Download a virtual machine's disk

# Owner
$ Set-Role -Role Contributor -User test@contoso.com -Resource Win10VMTest

# Administrator
$ Create-Backdoor, Execute-Backdoor

GraphRunner


#Get-GraphTokens
#A good place to start is to authenticate with the Get-GraphTokens module. This module will launch a device-code login, allowing you to authenticate the session from a browser session. Access and refresh tokens will be written to the global $tokens variable. To use them with other GraphRunner modules use the Tokens flag (Example. Invoke-DumpApps -Tokens $tokens)
Import-Module .\GraphRunner.ps1
Get-GraphTokens

#Invoke-GraphRecon
#This module gathers information about the tenant including the primary contact info, directory sync settings, and user settings such as if users have the ability to create apps, create groups, or consent to apps.
Invoke-GraphRecon -Tokens $tokens -PermissionEnum

#Invoke-DumpCAPS
#A module to dump conditional access policies from a tenant.
Invoke-GraphRecon -Tokens $tokens -PermissionEnum

#Invoke-DumpCAPS
#A module to dump conditional access policies from a tenant.
Invoke-DumpCAPS -Tokens $tokens -ResolveGuids

#Invoke-DumpApps
#This module helps identify malicious app registrations. It will dump a list of Azure app registrations from the tenant including permission scopes and users that have consented to the apps. Additionally, it will list external apps that are not owned by the current tenant or by Microsoft's main app tenant. This is a good way to find third-party external apps that users may have consented to.
Invoke-DumpApps -Tokens $tokens

#Get-AzureADUsers
#Gather the full list of users from the directory.
Get-AzureADUsers -Tokens $tokens -OutFile users.txt

#Get-SecurityGroups
#Create a list of security groups along with their members.
Get-SecurityGroups -AccessToken $tokens.access_token

G#et-UpdatableGroups
#Gets groups that may be able to be modified by the current user
Get-UpdatableGroups -Tokens $tokens

#Get-DynamicGroups
#Finds dynamic groups and displays membership rules
Get-DynamicGroups -Tokens $tokens

#Get-SharePointSiteURLs
#Gets a list of SharePoint site URLs visible to the current user
Get-SharePointSiteURLs -Tokens $tokens

#Invoke-GraphOpenInboxFinder
#This module attempts to locate mailboxes in a tenant that have allowed other users to read them. By providing a userlist the module will attempt to access the inbox of each user and display if it was successful. The access token needs to be scoped to Mail.Read.Shared or Mail.ReadWrite.Shared for this to work.
Invoke-GraphOpenInboxFinder -Tokens $tokens -Userlist users.txt

#Get-TenantID
#This module attempts to gather a tenant ID associated with a domain.
Get-TenantID -Domain

#Invoke-GraphRunner
#Runs Invoke-GraphRecon, Get-AzureADUsers, Get-SecurityGroups, Invoke-DumpCAPS, Invoke-DumpApps, and then uses the default_detectors.json file to search with Invoke-SearchMailbox, Invoke-SearchSharePointAndOneDrive, and Invoke-SearchTeams.
Invoke-GraphRunner -Tokens $tokens

README.md Unescape Escape

Azure Pentesting

Basic Information

Azure Pentester/Red Team Methodology